1. not portugal. In 1820 troops waiting in Cdiz to be sent as part of the crowns military campaigns revolted, forcing Ferdinand to agree to a series of liberal measures. From the late 1940s to the 1960s, the Polish Argentine Boleslao Lewin, a Jewish refugee of Hitlers Europe, wrote profound and sympathetic accounts. Joo was forced to return to Portugal and left his son Dom Pedro as the prince and ruler of Brazil. During 180810 juntas emerged to rule in the name of Ferdinand VII. and in that sense was more of a revolution then the American Revolution" ( Armstrong 230). Haiti's Little-Studied Role on the Other Latin American Revolutions. Causes of the American Revolution:The Intolerable Acts. Flores Galindo, Alberto, ed. When Napoleon turned on his Spanish allies in 1808, events took a disastrous turn for Spain and its dominion in the Americas. . It also prompted the declaration of the Republic of Colombia (commonly referred to today as Gran Colombia) as a union of the modern-day countries of Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, and Venezuela. Starting around 1810, the Spanish colonies on the mainland began moving towards independence. As British settlers began to colonize . The war also initiated a broader discussion of the morality of slavery. In order to better understand this decade-long civil war, we offer an overview of the main players on the competing sides, primary source materials for point of view analysis, discussion of how the arts reflected . The immediate effect of that concession was to send the Portuguese ruler, Prince Regent John, fleeing in British ships to Brazil. Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken. Upon the declaration of independence, the new government headed by Dom Pedro only had control in the areas around Rio de Janiero and So Paulo. Dom Pedro was the prince of Portugal and Brazil. Transforming these early initiatives into a break with Spanish control required tremendous sacrifice. In Brazil and Haiti, circumstances were slightly different but had similar causes of dissatisfaction with the political control of the ruling power. Iturbide was a royalist general. Fig 3 - Painting by Francsico de Goya depicting the occupatoin of Spain by French armies. Here are the 5 ways the American Revolution was different from other Revolutions. Score 1 User: What economic impact did World War I have on Latin America Weegy: It decreased overall trade with Latin American countries. One short term outcome occurred when the church land was sold and then afterwards, the Pope had to fight for his religious views and places back. Meanwhile, fears that Cuba's large slave population would make it a second Haiti also influenced the lack of support for independence among criollo elites there. 3 main causes of the Latin American revolution were the resentment by Creoles of being denied access to political power, the spread of Enlightenment ideas, and the impact of the French Revolution. Its implementation of Enlightenment ideas inspired them, and the French occupation of Spain and Portugal led to self-government in the colonies. so are the positive and negative outcomes that result from competition Economics is known as the Dismal Science because it confronts . Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013. In alliance with Chilean patriots under the command of Bernardo OHiggins, San Martns army restored independence to a region whose highly factionalized junta had been defeated by royalists in 1814. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Like many of Mexico's 19th-century rulers, Diaz was an army officer who had come to power by a coup. Pamplona, Spain: Diputacin Foral de Navarra, Direccin de Turismo, Bibliotecas y Cultura Popular, 1971. Below them were people of mixed race, and the indigenous peoples, free people of African descent, and slaves were on the bottom of the social class. Victory at Boyac effectively liberated most of Colombia. This was evident in the assembly that finally proclaimed independence in 1816; that body received no delegates from several provinces, even though it was held outside Buenos Aires, in the interior city of Tucumn (in full, San Miguel de Tucumn). After his father's return to Portugal, he was named regent in Brazil. In Brazil, independence was led by elites similar to what occurred in the Spanish colonies, but in Haiti, it was led by slaves, who successfully established the first republic led by people of African descent. The impetus for the independence was accelerated. The final liberation of Peru was achieved by an army led by Simn Bolvar. The result of these revolutions was the formation of independent countries in Latin America. They drafted the Plan of Iguala. Contemporary Indigenous Film and Video Production, Contemporary Indigenous Social and Political Thought, Dependency Theory in Latin American History, Development of Architecture in New Spain, 15001810, The, Development of Painting in Peru, 15201820, The, Dutch in South America and the Caribbean, The. Fig 4 - Simn Bolvar, a creole and eventual independence leader. Its 100% free. He took Lima, but royalist forces remained fortified in Cuzco. The war followed more than a decade of growing estrangement between the British crown and a large and influential segment of its North . The impact of the French Revolution on the Latin American Revolutions' causes is hard to understate. Leading essays by an international group of scholars on topics ranging from ideology to policy that remain at the analytical forefront in terms of the causes and repercussions of the uprising. Two other European developments further dashed the hopes of Creoles, pushing them more decisively toward independence. Fig 1 - Map showing the years of independence of nations in Latin America (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Latin_American_independence_countries.PNG) by Ricardomarins29 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Ricardomarins29) licensed under CC-BY-SA-3.0-migrated (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:CC-BY-SA-3.0-migrated). Which three statements correctly describe outcomes of the Latin American revolutions? Although these nations had revolutions, not all of them led to freedom. In addition, revolts inspired by Tupac Amaru took place in what became Argentina, Chile, and Colombia. Many Latin Americans began selling their goods illegally to the British colonies and, after 1783, U.S. merchants. It provided money, arms, and soldiers for his return to Venezuela in 1816. See key events in the Latin American Revolution timeline below. Spanish Americans now found themselves able to trade legally with other colonies, as well as with any neutral countries such as the United States. Unresolved issues from the independence era, especially political differences between liberals and conservatives and centralists and federalists, contributed to instability after independence in many countries. Fig 2 - Latin American Revolution timeline. The Latin American Wars of Independence were the revolutions that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America. France owned new territories In South America. A sophisticated and useful overview (translated from Spanish, Revolucin en los andes: La era de Tpac Amaru, 2012), with a foreword by Charles F. Walker. However, after Fernando returned to the throne in 1813, this experiment in self-government and desire to continue it pushed the colonies to demand and fight for full independence. By 1826, nearly all the Spanish colonies of the Americas had achieved independence. After achieving independence, he was proclaimed the emperor of Mexico. Not only did it provide a massive distraction and tie up Spanish troops and ships, it pushed many undecided Creoles over the edge in favor of independence. resentment at the political structure of colonial rule. Having benefited from colonial monopolies and fearful of the kind of social violence that the late 18th-century revolt had threatened, many Peruvian Creoles were not anxious to break with Spain. In Venezuela, royalists defeated the independence movement. While the French Revolution happened from 1789 to 1799; about 10 years or so. A junta was declared in Buenos Aires in 1810, in what is called the May Revolution. Unlike his predecessors, however, he established a stable political system, in which the . Indigenous Population and Justice System in Central Mexico Jos Mara Arguedas and Early 21st Century Cultural and Po Law and Society in Latin America since 1800, Legal History of New Spain, 16th-17th Centuries. The Last Inca Revolt, 17801783. Cartoon, 1847. After the expulsion of Napoleon, the Spanish attempted to regain but failed to regain control in the colonies. A digital collection of Latin American travel accounts written in the 16th-19th centuries. In response to the Boston Tea Party, the king imposed the "Intolerable Acts.". These revolutions followed the American and French Revolutions, which had profound effects on the Spanish, Portuguese and French colonies in the Americas. From there, troops under northern generals finally stamped out the last vestiges of loyalist resistance in Peru and Bolivia by 1826. The Cuban Revolution was an armed uprising led by Fidel Castro that eventually toppled the brutal dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. On one hand, the French Revolution, and the American Revolution before it, ended monarchies and established representative governments that placed sovereignty in the hands of the people, following the ideas of the Enlightenment. In 1810 a Cortes (Parliament) emerged in Cdiz to represent both Spain and Spanish America. The American War of Independence, the French Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and the many revolutions of Latin America were connected through networks of ideas, trade, and global events that rocked the world over a few dramatic decades. He at first reasserted himself as an absolute monarch. He is considered the father of Mexican independence. The Boston Port Act, closing the port of Boston until the Dutch East India Company had been repaid for the destroyed tea; Lima, Peru: Retablo de Papel Ediciones, 1976. He was a leading Latin American revolutionary leader who was known as ---------. Gran Colombia was a union of the colonies of New Granada, the modern-day countries of Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, and Venezuela. A refugee from Nazi Europe to Argentina, Lewin makes parallels between the rebellions defeat and the Holocaust. In the 1970s the Spaniard Eulogio Zudaire published a well-documented study of Viceroy Juregui and the rebellion: although the study was much more critical of the rebels and more supportive of the Spanish than other scholarship, it also contains great archival leads. In addition to Cuba, the Spanish-American War also netted the US Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. Revolutionaries became heroes in their countries. Andean Contributions to Rethinking the State and the Natio Asian Art and Its Impact in the Americas, 15651840, Baroque and Neo-baroque Literary Tradition, Black Experience in Colonial Latin America, The, Black Experience in Modern Latin America, The, Borderlands in Latin America, Conquest of, Chvez, Hugo, and the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela, Colonial Latin America, Crime and Punishment in. Everything you need for your studies in one place. There were many important Latin American Revolution leaders. answer choices. Porfirio Diaz. San Martn came to Argentina in 1812 and joined the independence forces. Experiments in self-government during the French occupation of Spain by Napoleon prompted moves for full independence. By 1810, Spanish America could look to other nations to see revolutions and their results. The viceroy of Peru managed to keep control over Chile, Peru, and Bolivia for the moment, although it faced resistance from local rebellions and expeditions from Buenos Aires. Markham 1892 is a highly readable account. In many ways, it was a conservative reaction by royalists to events in Spain and fears of the prospects for more complete social revolution. Fig 7 - Painting depicting the Battle of Boyac. He served as president of the union known as Gran Colombia. While he was able to carve out a liberated zone in southern Venezuela, he repeatedly failed to capture the capital of Caracas. Jacques Dessalines, a lieutenant of Louveture took up the fight and declared the full independence of Haiti on January 1, 1804. As a result, the counter-revolution has seized the opportunity to retake power. In 1806 a British expeditionary force captured Buenos Aires. Still, these ideas were not, strictly speaking, causes of independence. Many men and women who would have otherwise supported the royalist side now joined the insurgents. However, those profits merely whetted those Creoles appetites for greater free trade than the Bourbons were willing to grant. Revolutionary leaders established new countries that only sometimes lived up to promises of democratic rule. Which best describes why creoles resented the colonial political structure? Fisher, Lillian. The main thrust of the southern independence forces met much greater success on the Pacific coast. His overthrow of the Spanish monarchy in Spain led to the Spanish-controlled colonies being ruled by . User: What was the outcome of the Mexican revolution Weegy: It ended dictatorship in Mexico and established a constitutional republic, was the outcome of the Mexican revolution. The answer is long and complicated, but here are some of the essential causes of the Latin American Revolution. Tired of the waffling of Charles IV and Spain's inconsistency as an ally, Napoleon invaded in 1808 and quickly conquered not only Spain but Portugal as well. . While Spain was racially "pure" in the sense that the Moors, Jews, Romani people, and other ethnic groups had been kicked out centuries before, the New World populations were a diverse mixture of Europeans, Indigenous people (some of whom were enslaved), and enslaved Black people. Here is how the story went: Social Classes. General Jos de San Martn led an army named the Army of the Andes to defeat them. More generally, Creoles reacted angrily against the crowns preference for peninsulars in administrative positions and its declining support of the caste system and the Creoles privileged status within it. The desire for independence was fueled by dissatisfaction among elites born in the colonies with the political control of Spanish-born officials. The Tupamaro (Uruguay) and MRTA (Peru) guerrilla groups as well as the rapper Tupac Amaru Shakur are named after him. The Portuguese royal family had moved to Brazil when Portugal was invaded by Napoleon, and the colony was elevated to an equal status of Portugal. The United Provinces later changed their name to Argentina. Well educated and bilingual (Spanish and Quechua), he claimed lineage from the Incas, thus the Tupac Amaru (e.g., Tupa or Tpac, Amaro) name. It put an end to the French monarchy, feudalism, and took political . By 1810, however, the trend was clear. He led an army that included many mestizos and indigenous peoples against royalist forces but was captured in March 1811 and executed in June. Two of the main revolutions were the French Revolution and the Latin American Revolution. However, the effects of the Revolutionary War go far beyond simply removing British control of the Thirteen Colonies: the War and related documents and decisions would have worldwide impacts. One of the more major causes of the American Revolution, the Intolerable Acts were . However, by the late 1700s, the creole population made up most of the wealthy landowners and merchants in the colonies. French forces under Napoleon declared him a traitor, captured, and imprisoned him. In May 1810 prominent Creoles in Buenos Aires, having vied with peninsulars for power in the intervening years, forced the last Spanish viceroy there to consent to a cabildo abierto, an extraordinary open meeting of the municipal council and local notables. On September 16, 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo raised the banner of the Latin American revolution when he issued his Grito de Dolores, calling for revolt in the small town of Dolores. Minster, Christopher. Learn about the Creoles and the Latin American Revolutions' causes, their events, the most important Latin American Revolutionary leaders, and the Latin American Revolutions' effects here. Bolvar, upon achieving independence, distanced himself from Haiti, presenting his Gran Colombia as an Andean-Atlantic nation in hopes of achieving more support and recognition from Europe. Definition and Historical Perspective, The 10 Most Important Events in the History of Latin America, What Is Latin America? After difficult conquests of their home regions, the two movements spread the cause of independence through other territories, finally meeting on the central Pacific coast. The other new republics of Latin America largely did as well, thinking it would help them establish successful relations with Europe and the US. What happened in the Latin American revolution? Christopher Minster, Ph.D., is a professor at the Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Hachette, 1957. Why did the Creoles lead the Latin American revolution? Two years later it produced a new, liberal constitution that proclaimed Spains American possessions to be full members of the kingdom and not mere colonies. Conflict between liberal and conservative political factions, as well as between those favoring strong central government and those favoring federalist systems with stronger provincial governments, were common throughout Latin America into the 20th century. The other key cause of the Latin American Revolutions was dissatisfaction with the colonial order, in particular how it placed the colonies as subservient to the colonial power. The Mexican Revolution, which began on November 20, 1910, and continued for a decade, is recognized as the first major political, social, and cultural revolution of the 20th century. However, in this summary of the Latin American Revolutions, we are going to look at the broad causes they held in common.
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