Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. Nature. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. California Privacy Statement, Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. 2010;39:67594. Synapse. Int J Radiat Biol. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. The role of microRNAs in cancer. With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. Bioelectromagnetics. 2004;48:46624. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. 2013;32:27380. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . daily life. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. . In the rat hippocampus, glucose uptake plays an important role in spatial learning and memory processes. Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. 2009;4:e4389. Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. Cite this article. 2004;25:4957. Indian J Occup Environ Med. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. 1984;11:4760. Front Neurosci. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A. Merola et al. This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. Mil Med Sci. Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. Interphone study group. Many recent studies have reported that microwaves exposure affects EEG results [54,55,56,57]. 2015;91:30611. Wang Q, Cao Z. 2003;80:194210. Mack et al. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. . Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. Qiao et al. Wang et al. 1994;8:714. Motawi et al. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. Smythe JW, Costall B. Gold PE. 2013;17:711. millimeter, or equivalently. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. Biomed Environ Sci. 2011;174:211. CAS [84] and Sharma et al. 2006;27:295306. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1992;49:1818. 2001;12:72931. 2009;64:2314. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 1992;6:379. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. Xu et al. Cull-Candy SG, Leszkiewicz DN. Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. 2003;41:26887. 2007;27:6024. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. Neurosci Lett. 2010;1347:17985. 2015;51:15865. 1993;13:41322. Xu et al. 2000;11:16413. 2002;13:11921. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. [37] exposed male Wistar rats (1012weeks old) to a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) (900/1800MHz) mobile phone that was in vibrating mode (i.e., no ring tone). [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. radiations. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. Fragopoulou et al. Mortazavi et al. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. Bioelectromagnetics. PubMed CAS An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. With the increasing number of applications that use microwave technology, its negative effects on the human body have attracted attention. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. Sci Total Environ. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. 2013;73:4737. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. 2014;9:e95503. 2015;91:42634. Behav Brain Res. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. 2013;42:428. 2007;210:63544. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. J Environ Health. 2003;11:346. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. Int J Radiat Biol. 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. Acta Neurol Belg. Brain electrical activity originates from the membrane potential of the neuron itself and the fluctuation in membrane potential. pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. 2014:125. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. increased with the growing in the number of devices that used the Microwave frequencies in. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. Most matter, including the human body, is largely . Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. 2016;74:99107. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Richter et al. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors. However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42]. PubMed 2005;25:10190201. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. Zhao et al. PLoS One. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. Calabr E, Condello S, Curr M, Ferlazzo N, Caccamo D, Magaz S, et al. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. Clinics. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. Clin Neurophysiol. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. Finally, Hardell et al. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. Int J Epidemiol. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. 2008;169:3845. 1984;5:6370. Bioelectromagnetics. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Iran J Public Health. 2006;27:11926. 2009;27:556572. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Radiat Res. Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. 2010;2010. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. 2015;91:55561. 1999;9:3438. Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins. Exp Neurobiol. Terms and Conditions, Suhhova et al. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. Cancer Res. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Mailankot M. Spatial memory perfomance of wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. Pathophysiology. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. 2012;112:1715. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. Xiong L, Sun CF, Zhang J, Gao YB, Wang LF, Zuo HY, et al. Megha et al. 2015;36:4804. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. Relationship between cognition function and hippocampus structure after long-term microwave exposure. Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links.
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