Throughout Puerto Rico's political history various parties have designed and displayed flags representing their ideals. [40][41], In the 1950s Puerto Rico contacted Norway's Foreign Ministry in an attempt to have Norwegian shipping company Det Stavangerske Dampskibsselskap stop using a flag that has a significant[42] likeness to Puerto Rico's flag. In a letter written by Maria Manuela (Mima) Besosa, the daughter of the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee member Manuel Besosa, she stated that she sewed the flag. Linear regulator thermal information missing in datasheet, Linear Algebra - Linear transformation question. The single star represents the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. Subscribe to the Mother Jones Daily to have our top stories delivered directly to your inbox. This flag flew wherever there was a Spanish military installation. The four women, who are part of an anonymous artist collective that came to be known as La Puerta, identified with a movement calling for Puerto Ricos independence from the United States. Known as the Grito de Lares (the "Cry of Lares"), the rebellion broke out on September 23, 1868. Sellers looking to grow their business and reach more interested buyers can use Etsys advertising platform to promote their items. The black Puerto Rican flag door is located at San Jose street in Old San Juan, right behind La Factoria bar. Learn more. Best inventory of flags in the USA - Call us 1-877-732-2458. The flag of Utuado for example has a Taino Sun in honor of the Supreme Taino Cacique Ageyban whose name means "The Great Sun". Is there a single-word adjective for "having exceptionally strong moral principles"? The blue represents the sky and blue coastal waters. Is there a version of the flag of Pakistan which uses black instead of green? According to Puerto Rican poet Luis Llorns Torres the white cross on it stands for the yearning for homeland redemption; the red squares, the blood poured by the heroes of the rebellion and the white star in the blue solitude square, stands for liberty and freedom. It is now exhibited in the University of Puerto Rico's Museum. [4] In 1995, the government of Puerto Rico issued a regulation regarding the use of the Puerto Rican flag titled: "Regulation on the Use in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico of the Flag of Puerto Rico" (Spanish: "Reglamento sobre el Uso en Puerto Rico de la Bandera del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico"), in which the government specifies the colors to be used but does not specify any official color tones or shades. 5.26, 5.85 Still, both flags are frequently used around the island. Below is a Google Map that shows the location of the black Puerto Rican flag door: Learn more about the area in our article Old San Juan All You Need To Know. Why is the Puerto Rican flag so important? Up to this date, Hector has painted 75 flags. 1.95, 2.28 Youll see ad results based on factors like relevancy, and the amount sellers pay per click. How to handle a hobby that makes income in US. Free shipping. In 1952, the commonwealth government adopted the pro-independence flag as the official flag of Puerto Rico, changing its sky blue to navy blue so that it resembled the United States flag, and stripping it of its revolutionary past. Since at least 2016 an all-black rendition of the flag of Puerto Rico has been a symbol of Puerto Rican independence, resistance, and civil disobedience. While the revolution failed, the flag now identifies the town of Lares. The Jatibonicu Taino of Puerto Rico (Puerto Rico is "Borikn" in the Taino language means "Land of the Valiant and Noble Lord", that refers also to the Great Spirit or Creator) are descendants of the original 24 tribal bands that settled in Puerto Rico. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The design for the Puerto Rican flag was adopted by a committee of exiles living in New York during the mid-1890s. The three red stripes represent the blood from the brave warriors. Today, many Puerto Ricans feel suffocated by the islands social and economic crisis. Home / Black Puerto Rico Flag Durag. For years, the door located at 55 Calle San Jos displayed a mural depicting the Puerto Rican flag: a bright sky blue triangle hugging a white star layered over bands of red and white. Although Puerto Rico is a Commonwealth of the United States, the country participates in many sports events, festivals, and international events using its name and Puerto Rican flag. PUERTO RICO FLAG STICKER CAR DECAL PUERTO RICAN DECAL BORICUA BANDERA BAY-34A (#203044295178) n***n (74) Past month. The original focus of protest was the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act (PROMESA), just signed into law by President Barack Obama. Miguel Alvelo / Chicago Boricua Resistance. Before you go, check out these amazing things to do in Puerto Rico, including some perfect spots to take a picture with the flag of Puerto Rico. For many Puerto Ricans, the national flag is a symbol of cultural pride and identity, especially in light of the island's colonial status under the United States' government. What is this flag with a red 6-pointed star in a red crescent on white ground? (55% off), Sale Price 39.34 (50% off), Sale Price 51.51 500,000+ HD Wallpapers & Puerto Rican Flag Wallpaper 100% Free to Use High Quality Wallpapers Personalise for all Screen & Devices. Soon, the Resistance flag moved from the door on 55 Calle San Jos to the streets of Puerto Rico and the United States. San Juan, 00901, If you dont find any of these topics attractive, then skip this attraction and explore our article featuring the, It was created by Artistas Solidarixs en Resistencia after the Fiscal Control Board created by the, If youre looking for more things to do during your Puerto Rico vacation, I recommend that you check out our article. Take full advantage of our site features by enabling JavaScript. Hector Collazo is a Puerto Rican artist that created the project 78 Pueblos: 1 Bandera, intending to paint the flag of Puerto Rico in every single one of the municipalities. Skip to Content. Turning off the personalized advertising setting wont stop you from seeing Etsy ads or impact Etsy's own personalization technologies, but it may make the ads you see less relevant or more repetitive. from 29.85, from 35.12 Is this a good place to visit for tourists? The triangles color represents the sky and the sea that surround the island. Want to know more? [13] There is a letter written by Juan de Mata Terreforte which gives credit to Marin. portal, Flags of the World; Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, "Christopher Columbus' Flags 1492 (Spain)", "Familia: Brief History on the Beauchamp Origens", "Lares--municipio de Puerto Rico-datos y fotos-videos", Historia de la Insurreccin de Lares, 1871, "Vida, pasin y muerte de Francisco Gonzalo Marn [Pachn]", "Akelarre: historia y ficcin: Sobre las banderas de Cuba y Puerto Rico", "La obra jurdica del Profesor David M. Helfeld (1948-2008)'; by: Dr. Carmelo Delgado Cintrn, Flag of Puerto Rico by Martn Espada an authority and professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, Welcome to Puerto Rico - Flag of Puerto Rico, "No one expected attack on Congress in 1954", "The Puerto Rican Flag On the Statue Of Liberty", "Boricua a Punto de Abordar El Discovery, Acaba llevara bandera de PR" - El Nuevo Dia; By Marcia Dunn, Associated Press, "The Flag of Puerto Rico | District of Puerto Rico", "Global Voices - Puerto Rico's flag Is black and in 'mourning' over US-imposed oversight board", "How a change of color for the Puerto Rican flag became a symbol of resistance", "Dette flagget skapte diplomatiske bruduljar", Regulations on the Use of the Puerto Rico flag. Copyright 2023 Mother Jones and the Foundation for National Progress. If youre looking for more things to do during your Puerto Rico vacation, I recommend that you check out our article 45 Best Things To Do In Puerto Rico. Let the communists on the other side of the Yokkok River see it and listen to me those who understand Spanish if these words reach your trenches. The black background symbolized the mourning of the Puerto Rican Nation in colonial captivity. Joseph M. Acaba, the first astronaut of Puerto Rican descent, who was assigned to the crew of STS-119 as a Mission Specialist Educator, carried on his person the flag as a symbol of his Puerto Rican heritage. Im an avid traveler and freelance writer from Puerto Rico. The materials for the flag were provided by Eduvigis Beauchamp Sterling, named Treasurer of the revolution by Betances. But, the original color of the triangle in the flag is celestial/sky blue. Toggle Mobile Menu. This change imposed by the government distanced the flag of Puerto Rico from its revolutionary symbolism and history. Puerto Rico's white cultural nationalism praises white-American trends, celebrities, and star academics, but shuns and dismisses their African American equals. This flag was used in the short-lived Puerto Rican revolt against Spanish rule in the island, known as "El Grito de Lares", establishing for the first time a Puerto Rican national consciousness under colonial rule.[1][2]. During the Spanish dominion of Puerto Rico, the Spanish flag was the main representation of the empire. Using Kolmogorov complexity to measure difficulty of problems? (25% off), Sale Price from 125.30 Rosenda lvarez Faro, Pamela Osorio, Roberto Tirado, and Vernica Rivera took part in the painting of the initial flag. (If there was so widespread opposition to PROMESA, why was the, @smci maybe that would be a good question in itself, Dang, we wrote basically the same answer :P. +1, How a Change of Color for the Puerto Rican Flag Became a Symbol of Resistance. The black background symbolized the mourning of the Puerto Rican Nation in colonial captivity. Gen. Robert M. Bathurst, September 5, 1952." rev2023.3.3.43278. To the left of the flag is a light blue triangle that houses one white five-pointed star. The following are historical flags related to Puerto Rico: Each of the municipalities of Puerto Rico, including the islands of Culebra and Vieques, have adopted a flag which represents the region and its people. We have your favorite salsa puerto rico boricua puerto rican pr music salsero flag valentine rectangle patch with adhesive & black border, made in polyester. While Puerto Rico would indeed break free from Spanish rule, its independence would never materialize. Required fields are marked *. Spain's flag once more flew over Puerto Rico with the restoration of the Spanish kingdom in 1873, until 1898 the year that the island became a possession of the United States under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1898) in the aftermath of the SpanishAmerican War.[8]. They carried as their military standard the "Spanish Expedition Flag". "During its 113 years of life the Puerto Rican flag has suffered the contempt and affront of external and internal enemies who try to combat the existence of a palpable and indisputable Puerto Rican national identity," the text of the bill reads according to El Nuevo Dia, another island daily. Where is the door with the Puerto Rican flag located? [1] The conquistadores under the command of Juan Ponce de Len proceeded to conquer and settle the island. Original Price from 17.55 The Puerto Rican Flag (with the light blue triangle) soon came to symbolize the ideals of the Puerto Rican independence movement.[16]. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. Which translated in English states the following: According to other accounts on June 12, 1892, disputed by scholar Armando Mart,[15] Antonio Vlez Alvarado was at his apartment at 219 Twenty-Third Street in Manhattan, when he stared at a Cuban flag for a few minutes, and then took a look at the blank wall in which it was being displayed. The most modern version of the Puerto Rico flag has a navy blue triangle, and it was changed after Puerto Rico became a Commonwealth of the United States. Five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a blue (tone of blue may vary) isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large, white, five-pointed star in the center. Be Unique. Kartana With Origami Pokemon Black Background Wallpaper. Find & Download Free Graphic Resources for Puerto Rico Flag. Set where you live, what language you speak, and the currency you use. restoration of the Spanish kingdom in 1874, Financial Oversight and Management Board for Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico/Did you know-Puerto Rico? [3] Terreforte and the members of the Revolutionary Committee adopted the Flag of Lares as their standard. In the following NY Times article I noticed that the photo of a large number of people protesting included a fair number of black-and-white Puerto Rican flags as well as a larger number of red, white & blue flags: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/22/us/puerto-rico-protests-updates.html, (small snippet of the original photo just to highlight the flags I'm referring to). Doesn't analytically integrate sensibly let alone correctly. Why are physically impossible and logically impossible concepts considered separate in terms of probability? The official adaptation of the flag has been interpreted by some as a ploy by Muoz Marin to neutralize the independence movement in his own party. When was the black Puerto Rican flag made? After Cristopher Columbus colonized Puerto Rico, then called San Juan Bautista, the island used the Spanish government flag. "Puerto Rico: Culture, Politics, and Identity"; by Nancy Morris, Published by Praeger/Greenwood 1995; "Luis Muoz Marn: Puerto Rico's Democratic Revolution" Published by Editorial UPR, 2006; "Letter Col. Juan C. Cordero to Brig. Is it possible to create a concave light? Puerto Rico Art Puerto Rico History Puerto Rican Singers Puerto Rican Pride Lista Musical Faces of Puerto Rico:DON PEDRO FLORES Puertorrican songwriter and composer. Columbus wrote in his logbook that on October 12, 1492, he used the Royal Flag, and that his captains used two flags which the Admiral carried in all the ships as Ensign, each white with a green cross in the middle and an 'F' and 'Y', both green and crowned with golden, open royal crowns, for Ferdinand II of Aragon and Ysabel (Isabel I). [11] Other flags, such as San Germn's, contain a mural crown. The introduction of a flag in Puerto Rico can be traced to when Christopher Columbus landed on the island's shore and with the flag appointed to him by the Spanish Crown claimed the island, which he named "San Juan Bautista", in the name of Spain. What is the significance of a black and white Union Jack? A mural in Chicagos Paseo Boricua displays Puerto Ricos black-and-white Resistance flag. We're a nonprofit (so it's tax-deductible), and reader support makes up about two-thirds of our budget. Now that you know the importance of the Puerto Rico flag for Puerto Ricans! We gave young people who dont identify at all with any political party and who dont see a bright future for Puerto Rico a symbol of hope, one of the La Puerta artists, who asked to remain anonymous, told me. A door at 55 Calle San Jos, painted with a mural depicting the traditional red, white, and blue Puerto Rican flag, had become a familiar image of Old San Juan. The Puerto Rico flag was voted 7th best out of 71 flags ranked by the North American Vexillological Association in 2001. A door at 55 Calle San Jos, painted with a mural depicting the traditional red, white, and blue Puerto Rican flag, had become a familiar image of Old San Juan. 263 $777 FREE Shipping on orders over $25 shipped by Amazon Small Business During this time, the group believed in an Antillean Confederation with other Caribbean islands. [9] The flag was divided in the middle by a white Latin cross, the two lower corners were red and the two upper corners were blue with a white star in the upper left blue corner. Its believed the flag was designed by Francisco Gonzalo Marn. The famous door in Old San Juan now has the Puerto Rican flag painted in black and white, as a sign of mourning and resistance. Ours is a proposal of RESISTANCE, not to be thought of as pessimist. Changing the colors meant the death of democratic values and the three government branches, the Legislative Branch, the Executive Branch, and the Judicial Branch, represented in the flags triangle. (20% off), Sale Price from 29.85 Its the flag that motivated Puerto Ricans to use black flags as a symbol of resistance and protest in manifestations. Youll see ad results based on factors like relevancy, and the amount sellers pay per click. The board, which is comprised of people who were neither elected nor living in Puerto Rico, was given supremacy over the islands laws and decision makinga move many condemned as an act of colonialism. Some of the technologies we use are necessary for critical functions like security and site integrity, account authentication, security and privacy preferences, internal site usage and maintenance data, and to make the site work correctly for browsing and transactions. The law prohibited the possession and display of any monoestrellada, as the flag is commonly known in the island. We print the highest quality black puerto rican flag mugs on the internet The triangle represents the three branches of government. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and If you value what you get from Mother Jones, please join us with a tax-deductible donation today so we can keep on doing the type of journalism 2023 demands. Read our Cookie Policy. [13] It was usually displayed by the Cadets of the Republic, also known as the Black Shirts (Camisa Negras) because of their black shirt and white trousers uniform. Please correct item description for future customer's since you do not accept returns per your description. What does a black-and-white Puerto Rican flag signify? It's a resistance flag. Discover more about the small businesses partnering with Amazon and Amazons commitment to empowering them. Amid the chaos, the black-and-white flag could be seen waving high in a cloud of tear gas and painted on the long wooden shields people used to protect themselves. Upon the blue triangle, a white five-pointed star is charged. Shop products from small business brands sold in Amazons store. 07.07.16 at 10:23 am. Las mejores ofertas para Gorra Sombrero Blanco Azul Orgullo Puertorriqueo Bandera de Puerto Rico Ajustable Billete Curvo estn en eBay Compara precios y caractersticas de productos nuevos y usados Muchos artculos con envo gratis! The Black Puerto Rican Flag Door boasts a great history. The white stripes represent the victory and peace after obtaining independence, and the red one represents the blood spilled by revolutionaries. Puerto Ricos flag features a navy blue triangle on the left side with a single white star. 1 min read. SpanishAmerican War flag: flag of the Batalln Provisional No. According to Puerto Rican poet Luis Llorns Torres the white cross on it stands for the yearning for homeland redemption; the red squares, the blood poured by the heroes of the rebellion and the white star in the blue solitude square, stands for liberty and freedom. ", On various occasions the flag has been used as a symbol of defiance and protest. However, various sports associations have adopted flags which are also used during sports events. Listen on Apple Podcasts. On May Day 2018, people gathered in San Juan to protest the fiscal control boards strict austerity measures. The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party flag has a white Calatrava Cross, also known as the Cross potent on the middle of a black background. de Carreras, had invited Jos Mart as a guest. In 1892, the committee was presented with the design of the current flag of Puerto Rico. A transcription of said document is currently available at www.valerosos.com. What, if anything, does a blue-and-white American flag mean? Your email address will not be published. Before July 2016, the flag door had the original colors of the Puerto Rico flag. The board, which is comprised of people who were neither elected nor living in Puerto Rico, was given supremacy over the islands laws and decision makinga move many condemned as an act of colonialism. The new flag, which was used until 1873, resembled the flag of Spain, with the difference that it had the coat of arms of Puerto Rico in the middle. What are the possible downsides for Puerto Ricans if Puerto Rico becomes a state? Even though the local newspaper "El Imparcial" on January 17, 1948, stated that Vlez Alvarado was the "Prcer Que Cre Bandera Patria" (The Father of the Puerto Rican Flag)[19] it may never be known who really designed the current flag; however, what is known is that on December 22, 1895, the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee officially adopted the design which represents the current flag. "This town is very dynamic in its expressions of its Black roots," Lind said. In order to give you the best experience, we use cookies and similar technologies for performance, analytics, personalization, advertising, and to help our site function. Photo taken: 3 August 2009.). On August 13, 1952, while the men of Puerto Rico's 65th Infantry Regiment (United States) were being attacked by enemy forces on Hill 346, the regiment unfurled the Puerto Rican Flag for the first time in history in a foreign combat zone. [26] In 1995, the government of Puerto Rico began to use the sky-blue version once more. In the 1954 attack of the United States House of Representatives in a protest against United States rule of the island, Nationalist leader Lolita Lebrn shouted "Viva Puerto Rico Libre!" In 1952, Governor Luis Muoz Marn and his administration adopted the Puerto Rican flag which was originally designed in 1892, and proclaimed it the official flag of Puerto Rico. mourning and resistance The famous door in Old San Juan now has the Puerto Rican flag painted in black and white, as a sign of mourning and resistance. Replicas can be found on T-shirts and coffee mugs at souvenir shops throughout the island. 5282, August 3, 1995, Active autonomist and secessionist movements, Puerto Ricans in the United States Space Program, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Puerto_Rican_flags&oldid=1134000043, Flags of the insular areas of the United States, Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. 1996-2023, Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates, Select a location to see product availability. For many Puerto Ricans, the national flag is a symbol of cultural pride and identity, especially in light of the island's colonial status under the United States' government. Price and other details may vary based on product size and color. Most of the political parties in Puerto Rico also have their own flags, which represent and symbolize the political ideals of its members. What does a black-and-white Puerto Rican flag signify? from 51.16, from 111.22 Free Shipping on $75 Or More - Restrictions Apply. $180 of design goods for JUST $1 . Described in this Mother Jones article, How a Change of Color for the Puerto Rican Flag Became a Symbol of Resistance, July 4, 2019: Just past 2:00 a.m. on July 4, 2016, four women arrived in front of a rustic wooden door in Old San Juan, Puerto Rico. In 1897, Antonio Mattei Lluberas visited the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee in New York City to plan an uprising in Yauco. It also has five horizontal stripes, three red and two white alternated. (This is contrasted by the usage of three blue and two white equal horizontal stripes and a red equilateral triangle at the hoist with a five-pointed star in the Cuban flag.) The original contents of the letter in Spanish are the following:[14]. [15] This ensign displays a green machete and a red star imposed on a black background. (10% off), Sale Price 1.95 The white stripes symbolize victory and peace after obtaining independence. Save big on a full year of investigations, ideas, and insights. Learn more. Sponsored. It is a symbol that unifies us no matter what., Melendez-Badillo thinks the flag will continue to have a special currency. During the early morning of July 4, 2016 a group of women with the group Artistas Solidarixs y en Resistencia (Artists in Solidarity and Resistance) repainted the door in stark black and white. Some of the technologies we use are necessary for critical functions like security and site integrity, account authentication, security and privacy preferences, internal site usage and maintenance data, and to make the site work correctly for browsing and transactions. The color of the triangle that was used by the administration of Luis Muoz Marn was the dark blue, to match the blue of the United States flag. 5282). 98,000+ Vectors, Stock Photos & PSD files. What does the Puerto Rican flag symbolize? Political flags in Puerto Rico are usually displayed in public during rallies, meetings, or parades in show of political strength and unity. Since at least 2016 an all-black rendition of the flag of Puerto Rico has been a symbol of Puerto Rican independence, resistance, and civil disobedience. Frustrated by the lack of political and economic freedom, and enraged by the continuing repression on the island, Puerto Rico's pro-independence movement staged an armed rebellion in 1868. What does this black and white middle-part variation of the communist flag stand for? Original Price 58.54 In order to give you the best experience, we use cookies and similar technologies for performance, analytics, personalization, advertising, and to help our site function. The black background symbolized the mourning of the Puerto Rican Nation in colonial captivity. Disclosure: Travel Lemming is an independent reader-supported blog. But when it comes to race, residents must choose among "white," "black . ANLEY Puerto Rico Deluxe Desk Flag Set - 6 x 4 Inch Miniature Puerto Rican Desktop Flag with 12" Solid Pole - Vivid Color and Fade Resistant - Black Base and Spear Top 4.8 (117) $695 FREE delivery Mon, Dec 19 on $25 of items shipped by Amazon Arrives before Christmas Puerto Rico Flag | Boricua, Nuyorican, Puerto Rican Pride Unisex T-Shirt You can change your preferences any time in your Privacy Settings. The Puerto Rico flag features five equally-sized, horizontal alternating stripes, three red and two white. In 1898, the US invaded, passing the island from one imperial ruler to another. And not only does it makes a great picture spot, but its meaning always inspires me. [6] The conquistadores under the command of Juan Ponce de Len proceeded to conquer and settle the island. (Official colors of the flag), This page was last edited on 24 January 2023, at 21:20. Puerto Rico Flag T-Shirts & T-Shirt Designs | Zazzle Shop by Category NEW! This showed the political affiliation between both countries revolutionaries. Marn has since been credited by some with the flag's design. . that it was Lola Rodrguez de Ti who suggested that Puerto Ricans use the Cuban flag with its colors reversed as the model for their own standard. The most popular altered Puerto Rico flag is the black flag. (10% off). The blue isosceles triangle on the original Puerto Rican flag was celestial blue and it represented the sky and sea. We had a military based government till 1952, when we elected or First Governor Hon. Behind the door, there is a Spanish colonial structure in ruins, used mostly as storage. The red, white, and sky-blue flag became one of the coalitions unifying symbols. Etsy is powered by 100% renewable electricity. To enable personalized advertising (like interest-based ads), we may share your data with our marketing and advertising partners using cookies and other technologies. from 17.55, from 23.41 Flag Specifications. puerto rican flag on pole 1,012 Puerto Rican Flag Premium High Res Photos Browse 1,012 puerto rican flag stock photos and images available, or search for puerto rican flag on pole to find more great stock photos and pictures. (12% off), Sale Price from 17.55 Vlez suddenly perceived an optical illusion, in which he perceived the image of the Cuban flag with the colors in the flag's triangle and stripes inverted. A group of artists have altered a famous door painted with the Puerto Rican flag by changing its original colors from blue, red, and white to black and white to mark the approval of the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act, also known as PROMESA. Twitter Piero.[25]. The flags are not the correct size. . If Puerto Rico becomes the 51st U.S state, would the U.S flag be altered to include 51 stars? Flags were flown high throughout Puerto Rico and in the diaspora to honor the people suffering from the destruction.
Best Luxury Cars For Seniors 2022,
14 Day Atlantic Pressure Charts,
Articles B