In the wake of gang violence in early 2009, the Police Minister and the Attorney General have both expressed interest in the SA model for dealing with OMCGs, but have also indicated that the government is awaiting the results of the proposed legal challenge to those laws (Johnson 2009a; Murray 2009; Porter 2009). The report is not intended to constitute legal advice, which should be sought before acting or relying on the content of this report. The only exception is when the member has been in the family for a long time; then he can be allowed to exit, and retire gracefully. 1. This murder came after the Jokers held Hancock responsible for the shooting death of their brother Billy Grierson at Ora Banda in 2000. This club was formed in 1935 in Matilda's bar on the famous Route 66 McCook, Illinois. President - The President is the Chief Executive Officer of the OUTLAWS MC. Overview:Rebels MCwas founded in Brisbane, Australia in 1969. The most recent assessment of outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMCGs) in September 2020 identified that there are 38 'one percent' OMCGs operating in Australia, with more than 4,700 patched members and 1000 prospects. Statutes amendment (anti-fortification) bill: Second reading speech. Etsy Search for items or shops Close search Skip to Content Sign in 0 Cart Home Favorites Jewelry & Accessories Clothing & Shoes Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes. Allies include theCoffin Cheaters, Immortals, Red Devils, Satans Soldiers, Vikings. The Outlaws Motorcycle Club claims to have 80 chapters in twenty states and 116 chapters in fourteen countries outside the U.S. (Australia, Belgium, Canada, England, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Thailand, Wales) ( Barker, 2007 ). According to the Australia Criminal Intelligence Commission website, they are not an outlawed gang. Our Club Name says it all, we are a true Brotherhood. It was previously reported that the Attorney-General had received advice from the Solicitor-General that the legislation was 'sound and legal' (Langford 2009: np). The SLCAC reported on the Bill on 16 November 2009 and made six relatively minor recommendations and, again, recommended that the legislation be passed subject to these recommendations (SLCAC 2009b: Recommendation 7). In 2012, The Finks MC was the first club in Australia to be declared a criminal organisation. harm to the community will be reduced by disabling serious organised crime operations; disabling serious organised crime will be primarily achieved through increasing the cost and risk to criminal enterprises and individuals; police operations will be based on knowledge and intelligence; operations will be justified by a target selection model and will be continuously assessed; operational tactics will combine traditional and innovative approaches; operational outcomes will be enhanced by engaging staff across [SA Police] and forming partnerships at local and national levels; and. Also, we arent narcs here, so we wont rat you out for posting. It is not clear how the culture spread throughout the world; however, new outlaw clubs formed in Canada, Europe . The amendments also give power to the police to share confidential criminal intelligence concerning associates of declared criminal organisation members with high-risk industry regulators. Tex and the other 12 top-seated motorcycle racers from Southern California made up the founding members of the club. in Los Angeles who has worked on gangs for more than two decades. Through the generosity of motorcyclists around the country,Sturgis Buffalo Chipcharity events raised a record amount of over $477,000 for charities benefitting children, veterans and the Police say a group of bikers had just left the Blue Bayou Caf when someone in an SUV opened fire on them. active measures will be taken to improve operational capability (South Australia Police 2009: 8). create a new offence of contravening a control order, which carries a maximum penalty of three years' jail for the first offence and five years' jail for subsequent offences. The ACC says OCMGs are active in all states and territories and lists 44 as being of interest, with a total of 179 chapters and 4,483 members. It is the product of a 2016 conference held at the University of Oslo, titled "Scheming Legality, Resisting Criminalization: How do Outlaw Groups Integrate into Society?" . They are forced to forfeit their club paraphernalia and can lose other assets, including businesses. The Hells Angels' principal support club is the Red Devils, the Outlaws have the Black Pistons. , and have been arrested in connection with prostitution. Phone : (740) 675-2762. Overview: The Gladiators Motorcycle Club was founded in Australia in 1960, the first of Australia's 'American style' motorcycle clubs. Around 44 of Australia's bikie gangs have been outlawed. The proposal would create a new offence of participating in, or contributing to, a criminal organisation's activities and make it an offence for members of an organised criminal group to instruct others to commit offences for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with the criminal organisation. The Court also ordered costs against the Rann Government (Lower 2009b). Some members of the club have committed serious crimes, whilst others have donated large amounts to various charities and hospitals. (IO, LEOs and Narc are NEVER welcome!) Rough geographical locations of the chapters are: Links: Hells Angels MC and Rebels MC are rivals. represent the public interest by assisting the court during application hearings to test the validity of applications, particularly where the respondent cannot be present due to the use of covert Intelligence (Bligh & Dick 2009: np). This is the dramatic story of the rise and rise of Australia's outlaw motorcycle clubs by the bestselling author of Killing Mr Rent-a-Kill, The Usual Suspect - The Life of Abe Saffron and The Dodger. Some outlaw motorcycle clubs can be distinguished by a 1% patch worn on the colors. Comanchero MC. Bruce Sartwell, a/k/a "Monster," 48, of East Bridgewater, was sentenced by U.S. District Court Judge Denise J. Casper to 27 months in prison and 3 years of supervised . A threat to the rule of law: The New South Wales Crimes (Criminal Organisations) Act 2009. In October 2009, the Northern Territory passed the Serious Crime Control Act 2009. This paper sets out the laws in Australia governing organised crime and, in particular, outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMCGs). Police said there were now more than 260 members of outlaw motorcycle gangs in Tasmania more than in South Australia. As in South Australia, certain forms of associations are permissible, for example, between close family members (s 26(5)). As in New South Wales, the Police Commissioner may apply to an eligible judge for a declaration. CHECK OUT DEMONS ROW CLOTHING!!! The Outlaws also identify themselves as the A.O.A. the making of the order is appropriate in the circumstances (s 14(2)). Notable Events: The Bandidos were also involved in the infamous Milperra Massacre. Blair Raymond Thomsen, president of the Bandidos Sunshine Coast chapter, was sentenced to three years and nine months in prison in August 2017 for extortion. Table 1 sets out the key legislative provisions currently in force in respect of OMCGs. These were cool bikes, choppers with oversized fenders and handles, ape hangars really, and lasted from 1994 to 2011, post which the company shut shop. U.S. law enforcement authorities estimate that the Outlaws have more than 86 chapters in 20 states with over 700 members. BELGIUM : Capital - BXL Central Darkside Iron Valley - BXL La Louviere Liege Limburg Lowlands Mechelen Midlands Mons Namur Northside Riverside Stateline Police union urges tougher bikie laws. They can be forced to pay outstanding dues or an 'exit fee' of between $5000 and $10,000 and forfeit their motorbike. The M also has been known to stand for "methamphetamine". In 1983, Comancheros founder and president William George "Jock" Ross was allegedly caught in a compromising position with another club member's wife, a serious breach of club rules. And like many other famous motorcycle clubs across the United States, the Diablos MC are a one-percenter, outlaw club with their own set of unique rules and regulations. The President is responsible for the development, design, operation, and improvement of the systems that create and deliver the Club's mission and Colors, thus he has power and authority to run the Club's administrative branch as he deems necessary for the good of the organization; for decisions . The Bandidos began almost 20 years after the Hells Angels, but the two gangs soon became bitter rivals. Two Military Brotherhood Military Motorcycle Club will be holding their annual Toy Run on 11 December. Most of these clubs formed in the United States and opened chapters around the world in the years thereafter. OUTLAWS MC RUSSIA. The report proposes a range of legislative reforms to tackle unexplained wealth, conspiracy and joint commission of criminal offences. (American Outlaws Association) and the Outlaws Nation. When granting the first control order under the legislation, the Chief Magistrate issued a memo that media not be allowed to inspect the criminal records of alleged offenders (Dowdell 2009a). Famous members: Donald Chambers, American founder of the club, and Anthony Snodgrass Spencer, the Australian President. Famous members: There are many famous members but an Australian figure worth mentioning is senior Hells Angels member Peter Zervas, brother of the man murdered in the Sydney Airport Brawl. Outlaws MC Logo Outlaws MC Australia Chapters Outlaws MC Arlie Beach Chapter Joining an MC is something to think of as a lifetime commitment. 'Not all club members have records' With its Confederate flag and skull motif, the Rebels boast chapters in 20 countries, from Costa Rica to Canada, Germany to Greece. Well, it turns out the numbered patches are codes with exclusive meaning. If a biker refers to his lady as such, you'll know to keep your paws off. The Australian Capital Territory has agreed to implement the model Cross Border Investigations law; the first phase is already in place with the Crimes (Controlled Operations) Act 2008 (ACT) and the second phase was recently implemented with the passage of the Crimes (Assumed Identities) Act 2009 (ACT), which will come into effect by March 2010. In response to the proposed legislation, members of 17 clubs, including 14 OMCGs and two Christian motorcycle clubs, have formed the United Motorcycle Council of Queensland, which may join together to fund a legal challenge to the proposed new laws (Ironside 2009). Victoria has implemented an extensive suite of legislative powers to ensure that Victoria Police has the necessary powers to investigate organised crime, not just OMCGs. Around 44 of Australia's bikie gangs have been outlawed. Finally, it should be noted that on 30 October 2009 the South Australian Legislative Council passed the Serious and Organised Crime (Unexplained Wealth) Act 2009, which 'targets members of serious organised criminal gangs by forcing them to explain the source of specified assets, suspected of being acquired through illegal means (Atkinson 2009d). The Biker News Network / Outlaw Biker World is neutral ground. Larkin S 2009. Rebels MC Links: Bandidos MC, Lone Wolf MC and Nomads MC are all other outlaw motorcycle gangs who are enemies of Rebels MC. It cannot be used by any other motorcycle club. ], Jackson Brownes 15 Best Songs: Critics Picks, Car Shipping California | Auto Transport California (CA), Car Rental Las Cruces International Airport, #1 Katy, TX RV Rental Destination | RVshare. The Outlaws Motorcycle Club, incorporated as the American Outlaws Association or its acronym, A.O.A., is an outlaw motorcycle club that was formed in McCook, Illinois in 1935. They are one of around thirty-five outlaw motorcycle clubs in Australia, which have an estimated 3,500 members in total. Charges included. The group includes mainly members from the Nomads Adelaide chapter. The Attorney-General said he expected states with similar legislation to join the High Court action (Nason 2009) and that he had been advised by the Solicitor General that the appeal 'would have reasonable prospects of success' (Statham 2009: np). The book is written in an accessible style and is by now a classic introductory work on this subject. Currently operates charters in Norway, Australia and the United States. Outlaw Biker Gangs Prize U S Solrs Feds Say. Tag: Outlaws Motorcycle Club NEW ZEALAND July 28, 2021 Two men charged with the murder of NZ Outlaws leader Peter Lui The 63-year-old Lui, also known as "China", died during the attack near the club's headquarters in Napier's Pandora industrial district on March 19. The Outlaws Motorcycle Club is a large international motorcycle gang that was formed in the 1940s. The Criminal Organisation Bill 2009 was introduced into Parliament on 29 October. Schloenhardt A 2009. Los detenidos, que estaban altamente cohesionados, formaban parte de un captulo afincado en Espaa de la banda motera transnacional conocida como "Comanchero Outlaw Motor Club", autocatalogada como fuera de la ley o 1% y extendida por todo el mundo con el narcotrfico como una de sus actividades principales, alcanzando pases . Find out more on Amazon. Outlaw motorcycle gangs and organised crime syndicates. In terms of the outlaw motorcycle clubs territory maps, Life and Death MC holds the entire Hawksbury District in Sydneys Western Suburbs. Further, it provides: Australia must take a coordinated and holistic approach to tackling serious and organised crime and that strong legislative arrangements in themselves are just one part of a suite of tools and approaches (PJC-ACC 2009: [1.22]). in addition, the legislation created new offences of violent disorder (maximum penalty of 2 years jail); riot (7 years, 10 years where aggravated); affray (3 years, 5 years where aggravated) and stalking of public officials by OMCG members (7 years; Rann 2008). On 24 March 2009, he advised that he would invite the Commissioner to comment on the submissions he had received on behalf of the Finks and observed that the making of the declaration 'is not a foregone conclusion' (Atkinson 2009a: 2). Former outlaw motorcycle gang members are joining social clubs as a way of getting around anti-bikie laws. The Top 8 Largest 1% Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs (Biker Gangs) Of Australia The Act was subsequently repealed, but similar provisions are now contained in Part 4, Division 6 of the Corruption and Crime Commission Act 2003. The club has a presence in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Australia. Detainees at Villawood Immigration Detention Centre in Sydney have access to outdoor gym equipment behind the wire. linkThe following is a list of Australian outlaw motorcycle clubs , pretty fuckin sure theres a bunch more,,, Complete List my ass. Five months into Hells Angels trial, judge orders tattoo inventory of 89 accused, Former VP of Modesto Hells Angels Gets Five Years for Selling Drugs, IBAC investigates police over secret recording of lawyer and bikie, Nine arrests among Hells Angels sending anabolics from Costa del Sol to Finland, Bikie activity: Drug bust leads to slew of charges on people with alleged Rebels links, Thousands of bikers bring toys to Upstate in annual motorcycle Anderson Toy Parade, Wreaths for Vets asking for donations, volunteers ahead of Thanksgiving holiday, Sturgis Buffalo Chip Raises Record Amount for Charity Through 2021 Events, HPD: Biker killed, two others injured in drive-by shooting along East Freeway, Ex- Hells Angels boss Hanebuth in court in September, Killing of man followed dispute between Hells Angels and Devils Army groups, trial told, Fatal collision on route 352: The victim is a member of the Hells Angels, Biker News Network loses a legend. Standing Committee of Attorneys-General (SCAG) 2009b. The Comancheros and Bandidos were now rivals, and in September 1984 the two clubs engaged in the Milperra massacre, a shoot-out that left seven people dead four Comancheros, two Bandidos, and a 14-year-old bystander. This club has a long history and it was founded in 1935. Atkinson M 2009a. 13, Or Diamond 13 In the case of motorcycle patch culture, the 13 is a sly representation of the 13th letter of the alphabet, 'M' which stands for marijuana. Overview: Classing Odin's Warriors as an outlaw motorcycle gang has proved slightly problematic. This remote spot, known as Hole-in-the-Wall, is located in the Big Horn Mountains of Johnson County in northern Wyoming. Register and Log In for an The Nomads emblem contains an antisemitic symbol, so it will not be shown here. The Criminal Investigation (Exceptional Powers) and Fortification Removal Act 2002 came into effect in July 2002 and sought to facilitate the investigation of criminal activity and provide for the removal or modification of certain fortifications and other security measures. Club Deroes: 1971 Perth, Australia Coffin Cheaters: 1970 Perth, Australia In the 1980s, the gang was among the four dominant outlaw motorcycle clubs in Western Australia. The Outlaws are considered a "one-percenter" motorcycle gang, meaning that they are a criminal organization that is involved in a variety of illegal activities . The most famous outlaw motorcycle club is undoubtedly the Hells Angels MC. 15 Homogenous Members This is not unique to the Outlaws MC though, as virtually all one-percenter clubs are racially unmixed and don't allow women to become members, whether they are black clubs, white clubs, or Hispanic clubs. On 16 April 2009, the Standing Committee of Attorneys-General (SCAG) agreed to a united response to OMCGs as organised crime requires a nationally-coordinated response by all jurisdictions. Links: Outlaws MC have been a rival club of Odin's Warriors, Bikie Shootout - Mackay, Queensland (1997). Outlaw Mc Club - Etsy Check out our outlaw mc club selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. Amendments to the Criminal Assets Recovery Act 1990 also removed the potential for dishonest earnings, enabling the NSW Crime Commission to pursue people who participate in criminal groups, either knowingly or recklessly, regardless of whether they are a controlled member of a declared criminal organisation. Speech at the Australia's National Counter Terrorist Arrangements National Counter-Terrorism Committee Dinner. The Bandidos, founded by Donald Chambers in 1966. Standing Committee of Attorneys-General (SCAG) 2009a. model cross-border investigative powers for controlled operations, assumed identities, witness identity protection and surveillance devices. any other matter the Attorney-General considers relevant (s 10(3)). If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. A 3-piece patch is also used to signify that the club is not necessarily a 1% club and that the American Motorcycle Association has not sanctioned it. It was founded in Newcastle in 1968. BOSTON - The regional president of the Brockton/East Bridgewater Chapters of the Outlaws Motorcycle Club was sentenced today for the possession of an unregistered firearm. The maximum penalty for such association is two years' imprisonment for a first offence and five years for subsequent offences (s 26). Some OMCGs will refer to themselves as 'the 1%'. The Pagans have the Tribe and the Blitzkrieg and Thunderguards (in Maryland). implementation of multi-agency responses (Australian Government 2009). an overview of existing legislative approaches to combat serious and organised crime in each Australian jurisdiction; consideration of various legislative models aimed at prohibiting organised criminals from associating with each other; and. Joint Committee on the Australian Crime Commission 2009. 4.11 Criminal triad societies of a sort are said to exist in Australia, even if they lack some of the characteristics of the traditional Hong Kong triad societies. Members of the club in both Australia and overseas have been convicted of violent crimes like murder,drug dealing, trafficking in stolen goods, andextortion, and have been arrested in connection with prostitution. . Who are the Outcast MC? We believe this constitutes a fair use of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. Note that there is also a motorcycle club founded in Columbus, Ohio who use the name "Gladiators Motorcycle Club". In 2006, the NSW Government passed the Crimes Legislation Amendment (Gangs) Act 2006, making it the first Australian jurisdiction to legislate specific offences against criminal organisations (Schloenhardt 2008). Williams D 2002. Following the incident, on 2 April 2009, then NSW Premier Rees introduced the Crimes (Criminal Organisations Control) Bill 2009, which commenced on assent on 3 April 2009. Overview: Infidel MC was founded in Australia in 2011 by to provide support to veterans. Overview: Life and Death MC was founded in 1978. , What are outlaw bikers called in Australia? The role of the police in this context should also be considered. This is a term of endearment for a biker's girlfriend or wife. Toby Mitchell - the club's boss just 18 . The issue of organised crime was also on the agenda for the SCAG meeting in August 2009 and resulted in the following communiqu: Ministers agreed to arrangements to support the comprehensive national response to organised crime discussed by the Commonwealth, States and Territories at SCAG in April 2009. She acknowledged, however, the need for collaboration to 'ensure that there can be no safe haven for people involved in such illegal activities anywhere in Australia' (Giddings 2009: np). Overview: The Comanchero Motorcycle Club was founded in 1966 in Sydney, Australia.The club motto is ACCA, which stands for Always Comanchero, Comanchero Always. von Lampe, Klaus, and Arjan Blokland. Notable events: Harry 'Taco' Bowman, ex-Outlaws member and once on the FBI's most wanted list, died earlier this month while serving a life sentence in prison. The Attorney-General stated at the recent inaugural meeting of the Quintet of Attorneys General, which comprises the United Kingdom, United States, Australia, Canada and New Zealand, that the Framework. enable the Police Commissioner to make an application to the Supreme Court to declare an organisation a criminal organisation; provide that the Supreme Court can make such a declaration where it is satisfied members of the organisation meet for the purpose of engaging in, or conspiring to engage in, serious criminal activity and the organisation is an unacceptable risk to the safety, order or welfare of the community; empower the Police Commissioner to make further applications to the Supreme Court in respect of a declared organisation that control orders be made against individual members of a criminal organisation; provide for public safety and fortification removal orders to be made; and. Outlaws Motorcycle Club is also called A.O.A as it's incorporated as American Outlaws Association. The four main chapters of, the founding of the Bandidos MC in Australiawas the result of several of the Comanchero MC members leaving the motorcycle club after disagreements over the leadership style of Jock Ross. Ever . introduce arrangements to ensure cooperation between jurisdictions in relation to organised criminal activity; coordinate law enforcement efforts through developing shared priorities, facilitating improved information and intelligence sharing and coordinating investigative and target development activities; and. intelligence, information sharing and interoperability; investigation, prosecution and offender management; preventative partnerships with industry and the community; and. Motorcycle Club Homepage Home | News | History | What is a 1%er Today | Chapter | Gallery | Guestbook | Contact | Links . Pagans Mc The Most Vicious Outlaw Motorcycle Gang in America, 5. Links: The following chapters are based overseas, and only have a loose connection with Gladiators MC Australia. Under s 14(1), the court must, on application by the Commissioner, make a control order against a person if the court is satisfied that the person is a member of a declared organisation. Associating includes communication by letter, telephone or facsimile (s 35(11)(a)). There are maybe a dozen or so outlaw motorcycle clubs remaining, and there are any number of social-media-based motorcycle organisations and ride groups. Outlaw motorcycle gangs: Banning. A fierce power struggle is underway inside the Mongols outlaw motorcycle club in Australia that is said to have even upset members of the club in Russia. The 13 Rebels Motorcycle Club (13 RMC) was started in 1937 by Ernest Tex Bryant. OMCGs are tied up in illicit commodity markets, particularly in the drug trade, and often perpetrate high impact violence, including the use of firearms and arson. File:Gypsy Joker Protest Run 2.jpg. Overview:The Bandidos Motorcycle Club are also known as the Bandido Nation and are one of the largest one percenter motorcycle clubs.The motto of Bandidos MC isWe are thepeople our parents warned us about and they also use the acronymBFFB, which stands for "Bandidos Forever, Forever Bandidos." Outlaws MC is one of the Big 4 one percenter motorcycle clubs along with the Hells Angels MC, Bandidos MC and Pagans MC. The opinions in this article are solely those of the writer, and may not reflect the beliefs of anyone at the Biker News Network/Outlaw Biker World. Famous members:Sidney Snot Reid, once described as Australia's most protected prisoner after testifying against fellow Gypsy Joker member Graham Slim Slater. An Australian bikie boss who fled the country for Lebanon has been banned from returning to New South Wales unless he ditches Comanchero colours, hands over his phones and tells police of his arrival. The government has received advice from the Solicitor General indicating that any High Court challenge to the legislation would not be likely to be successful. It was reported in late September 2009 that no members had been proscribed under the legislation (Clennell 2009a), although there have been reports that the police intended to use the legislation 'in the new year' (Clennell 2009b: np). the person has been a member of an organisation which, at the time of the application, is a declared organisation, or engages, or has engaged in serious criminal activity and regularly associates with members of a declared organisation; or, engages, or has engaged, in serious criminal activity and regularly associates with other persons who engage, or have engaged, in serious criminal activity; and. Overview: Rebels MC was founded in Brisbane, Australia in 1969. Like the Outlaws MC, Mongols MC, and Bandidos MC, the Hells Angels is a member of the Big Four outlaw biker clubs, and it has a reputation to match. gang members who engage in acts of violence that threaten and intimidate the public will be guilty of serious offences and will find it harder to get bail; police will be able to prohibit members of a bikie gang from attending a place, event or area where this would pose a serious threat to the public; the old law of consorting will be replaced with a new law of criminal association that prohibits telephone calls as well as meetings in the flesh; stalking a person with the intention of intimidating a victim, witness, court official, police officer or public servant will become a serious offence; it will be easier for police to secure orders to dismantle fortifications protecting gang clubrooms; and. About the Author Duncan McNab is a former policeman and private investigator. He is now the author of several books recounting his experience as a bikie. Mutual recognition of laws in other jurisdictions would also be introduced, enabling the Attorney-General to ban a chapter of a gang in South Australia if it exists or relocates there and is banned interstate (Owen & Edwards 2009). It follows the heir to the throne of a motorcycle club who has to betray his president to save his brother's life. Atkinson M 2003. Identification as member of a particular race is not a membership requirement. They found that it was not necessary to decide whether s 10(1), which provides that the Attorney-General may make a declaration, is a valid law; nor was it necessary to decide whether a declaration by the Attorney-General affecting the Finks club was void and of no effect. In addition, the Attorney General has announced that the ACT Government will be moving to introduce the offences of affray and recruiting a person to engage in criminal activity. The Comanchero. In June 2009, the WA Police Minister, Rob Johnson, chaired a police ministerial council meeting, where it was agreed that uniform anti-bikie laws would be pursued (two more jurisdictions sign up for bikie-gang laws 2009). Western Australia is set to ban outlaw motorcycle gang members from wearing their patches and associating with one another in public. Some OMCGs will refer to themselves as 'the 1%'. What is an outlaw motorcycle club? AFPA government relations director, Chris Steel, said the proposal was 'slightly different' from the South Australian model because a gang would not be banned but participation within the group for criminal activity would be.
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