A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. Oxalic Acid is a "strong acid" and has a ph of 1.3 (water has a ph of 7). (If youve had a kidney stone and want to avoid another one, you should have a blood test for oxalate; if your level is low, you dont need to bother with a low-oxalate diet.). When it arrived the shipping label was facing up, the pale was laying on it's side, the top was off the bucket and about a pound of Oxalic Acid was laying in the box and leaking out when I picked up the box from my front porch. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. Sure, you can buy a marine teak cleaner and it will work, but you cant go wrong by trying a homebrew first; they are inexpensive and can be very effective. A common. Although oxalate can be problematic for certain individuals, it is usually not a concern for most healthy people, and the idea that everyone needs to avoid oxalate is a common nutrition myth. www.drweil.com. Sea Safe costs $15 for a 32-ounce bottle. All rights reserved. Versatile product: multi-purpose cleaning, restoration, stain removal, demineralization, stone, countertop, or wood restoration, wood bleaching, metal cleaning, rust removal, and more! Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Bottom line: Totally Awesome is not Recommended for cleaning teak. However, many teak-decking and marine-cleaner manufacturers advise against using bleach on teak decks as it will wear away the teak more quickly than other chemicals. Our recommendation is to use a borax solution (half-cup of borax per quart of water) as a periodic cleaning aid, whenever water alone is not enough. The chemical villain in rhubarb leaves is oxalic acid, a compound also found in Swiss chard, spinach, beets, peanuts, chocolate, and tea. Using Oxalic Acid to Brighten a Deck Outside Cleaners 2.25K subscribers Subscribe Like 64K views 5 years ago This video illustrates the use of oxalic acid to brighten and beautify a mahogany. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. , ASIN 2 days. Global Oxalic Acid Market to Reach $711. Oxalic acid is an organic compound. Rejuvenates tired or aged timber Textile bleaching Diggers Rust and Stain Cleaner is a naturally occurring biodegradable organic product which effectively removes stains and cement residue. Discover more about the small businesses partnering with Amazon and Amazons commitment to empowering them. Apply a liberal amount of the mixture to the timber using a brush or sprayer. An Australian mum has shared her secret for removing stubborn stains from her toilet with no scrubbing at all. There are many processes to extract it from vegetation, but modern methods manufacture it through the oxidation of carbohydrates or glucose using nitric acid or vanadium pentoxide. Key to our past and future success is the Companys ability to understand, support and fulfill evolving customer requirements. It is used commercially as a laundry rinse, wood-bleaching agent, and calcium remover. Suggestions will appear below the field as you type, Please sign inor create an accountto use Project Lists. Oxalic acid is toxic because of its acidic and chelating properties. Worth using on this type of rusted eyelet situation? However, our testing suggests that oxalic acid (1 cup per quart of warm water) alone does an excellent job, perhaps requiring a little more scrubbing. UltraPrep Timber Cleaner is also used to clean and prepare new timber for coating by removing the dirt, tannins, oils and other contaminants that are present. High levels in diets lead to irritation of the digestive system, and particularly of the stomach and kidneys. It also analyzed reviews to verify trustworthiness. Contains:Citric Acid Environmental:Environmentally Friendly Storage Instructions:Keep away from children. Oxalic Acid DrugBank Accession Number DB03902 Background. Re: Oxalic Acid- will it damage my paint? Start your 30 day free trial now! Oxalic acid is the chemical compound with the formula H 2 C 2 O 4.This dicarboxylic acid is better described with the formula HO 2 CCO 2 H. It is a relatively strong organic acid, being about 10,000 times stronger than acetic acid.The di-anion, known as oxalate, is also a reducing agent as well as a ligand in coordination chemistry. Place solution and minerals in a covered plastic bucket or container. Customer Reviews, including Product Star Ratings help customers to learn more about the product and decide whether it is the right product for them. Details Dimensions Product Package Specifications Colour Other Model Name For bigger jobs, he recommends a teak cleaner or brightener. . If you require specific information to assist with your purchasing decision, we recommend that you contact the manufacturer via the contact details on the packaging or call us on 1300 767 969. Remove surface dirt by sweeping or washing down with water. Wash any splashes off the skin promptly. 25 reviews. ), combines with Ca, Fe, Na, Mg or K to form less soluble salts known as oxalates. Molecular Weight: 254.19. The Varrox M3080 sublimator we used was . For this reason susceptible individuals are advised to follow a low-oxalate diet. The most promising formulations advanced in the testing rotation and were also tested on teak decks. Kitchen and bathroom fixtures, tubs, surfaces in and around the home. 2010), OA was only registered in the United States for control against Varroa in 2015. This allows bees to fill honey stomachs with sugar water reducing ingestion of oxalic acid. Oxalic acid, also known as ethanedioic acid, can be found naturally found in plants such as buckwheat and spinach, and is a crystalline powder. Take the usual precautions you would with any other corrosive and mildly toxic substance. The DIY formulas we tested used oxalic acid, bleach, borax powder, lactic acid, ammonia, and a popular alkaline cleaner as active ingredients. Our skepticism is supported by our own experience, previous testing, and input from long-term cruisers, but we wanted to devise a test to investigate chain twisting. Oxy Solve House and Siding Pressure Washer Cleaner - Removes Stains from Mold & Mildew on Vinyl, Aluminum, Wood, Brick, Stucco - Concentrate 1 Gal. Diggers Timber Cleaner (Concentrated Oxalic Acid) cleans new timber and restores old greying timber prior to oiling, staining and painting. Oxalic acid (OA) is a natural compound that has been used to control Varroa effectively for several decades (Popov et al. Based on lactic acid instead of oxalic acid, Jelmars CLR is more gentle and consequently less effective for teak cleaning. Borax is an active ingredient in many cleaners. APPLICATION 1. STAIN REMOVAL USING OXALIC ACID . : Borax is used in the home as a washing additive to soften water and emulsify. Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited. I am not about to enter into the religious debates about the relative merits. I have been using Citric Acid with great success - it's cheap, you can buy 75g in the baking section at Woolies; mix 25g with a few inches of water in the bottom of a bucket, leave your bits to soak overnight, and voila. The heating of mixtures of Oxalic acid and urea has lead to explosions. This citric acid one does absolutely nothing on showers / hard water stains on glass Edit: ok after a bit of research it sounds like oxalic acid is *extremely* dangerous if ingested/inhaled and absorbs through the skin easily. The product is fine. Dosage varies by intended application, 99.6% Pure. Should work great for my needs, However, it was shipped in a box that was too big for the pale. , Restore old, grey, or dingy decking or other wood, Remove rust from tools, machinery, or other metal surfaces, Clear water-born rust stains from concrete, Can be used as an ingredient in industrial-grade laundry detergents and stain removal, Metal parts can be soaked in a solution of ten parts water to one part Oxalic acid. And you need not worry about using stock in which chard or other green vegetables containing oxalates are cooked. To determine whether the cleaners would harm aluminum, we brush-applied each product to a section of scrap aluminum toerail, and allowed it to sit for 20 minutes before rinsing. There was an error retrieving your Wish Lists. Excellent for removing stains and soap scum from glass shower screens. Chlorine bleach is a mainstay ingredient for washing residential decks. Oxalic acid is the third ingrediant listed, but no %age given. Diggers Rust and Stain Cleaner is a naturally occurring biodegradable organic product which effectively removes stains and cement residue. Its non-bleaching formula contains oxalic acid, which is a naturally occurring, bio-degradable organic acid. A watery slurry is ideal for removing tarnish from a stainless steel pan, or sink.Warning:Contains Citric Acid. It is used as a Bleaching agent for Straw hats, Leather, and Wood. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent. All of these products have the potential to discolor aluminum-although only one actually discolored it in testing-so it is prudent to test a spot for 10 minutes to determine whether the product is compatible with the alloy you have, and treat only what you can scrub and rinse in five to 10 minutes. The key difference between oxalate and oxalic acid is that oxalate is an anion whereas oxalic acid is an organic compound. Small amounts are produced in the body. Excellent for removing stains and soap scum from glass shower screens. If you want to remove brown stains=rust, you can also use citric acid froma chemist or wine making shop. It also occurs in some other vegetables as well as in cocoa powder, peanuts, sweet potatoes, bran flakes, potato chips and French fries. Borax is. Observing the products after 60 days in a damp location revealed no changes in our performance rankings. It can be placed in the sun for heavy staining or speeding the process, but be careful to do this in a well-ventilated area or avoid breathing fumes that can be created by the heat. Oxalic acid, often referred to as wood bleach, was once a common hardware store chemical, but in most places, you must now order it online. Oxalic Acid The most common active ingredient in acid-based teak cleaners is oxalic acid, which is often supplemented with additional cleaning agents. | ABN 82 009 353 182 | Terms and Conditions | Privacy Policy, Website Design & Hosting by concise.digital. For example, as a rust remover, a cleaning agent . : an alkaline compound, sodium borate. Oxalic Acid, an organic compound which is also known as ethanedioic acid, is an industrial chemical with multiple industrial uses. It is a mild bleaching agent that also rejuvenates tired looking timber. Hundreds of Home, Garden, Laboratory, Industrial, and Commercial Uses! Dr. Weil's FREE health living advice delivered to you! 99.6% PURE OXALIC ACID Powder! OXALIC ACID POWDER Cleans new and old timber prior to oiling, staining and painting, when a solution of 1 part Oxalic is added to 10 parts water and applied for 20 minutes then washed of with water. USE for Home, Garden, Industrial & Commercial Applications SAFE Resealable storage container with child resistant cap Customers also search liquid oxalic acid For regular maintenance, Tieger suggests washing down the decks with fresh water and a mild boat soap. We also tested a borax solution as a second cleaning step, using it to neutralize residual acid, clean, and provide anti-fungal properties. After viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in. Ulcerations of the mouth, vomiting of blood, and rapid appearance of shock, convulsions, twitching, tetany, and cardiovascular collapse may occur following ingestion of oxalic acid or its . ..to get rid of brown stains and rust from the topsides? Still, we question the logic of using one. The DIY cleaner recipes focused on ingredients that are inexpensive and widely available. The red guard looks great. The Soap And Warm Water Method. Plan out the products you need for your project, Add your completed Project List directly to your cart, Includes citric acid for natural cleaning power, Removes dirt, tannins, oils and other contaminants. Bar Keepers Friend is an American brand of mass-produced cleaning agents.The original canned scouring powder product has been manufactured and sold since 1882. It cuts oil,dirt and grease easily. Oxalic acid is the simplest of the organic dicarboxylic acids. For light staining start with 2 tablespoons of oxalic acid in 1/2 gal water. Shop products from small business brands sold in Amazons store. We are a producer of Biodegradable, Ecolabel and non harmful teak cleaner based on natural component like lactic acid , we would like to have more info on how to advertise in your website. Once or twice a year, Neal uses a borax solution to prevent mildew. This compound may react violently with furfuryl alcohol, silver, sodium, perchlorate, sodium hypochlorite, strong oxidizers, sodium chlorite, acid chlorides, metals and alkali metals. CLR costs a little less than $6 for a 28-ounce bottle. Each link opens a larger version of the image. Concentration of solution varies by quantity and degree of staining of the mineral. Please be aware, this product is considered a dangerous good and the amount able to be purchased may be restricted. My boat is in an area with (occasionally) high levels of pollution. Oxalic is popularly used for cleaning certain minerals such as quartz, which is commonly contaminated by iron rust. Full content visible, double tap to read brief content. You also agree to receive emails from DrWeil.com, and you may opt Correct usage and handling of this product should not result in any problems or health issues. I used the same procedure on some chrome rims for one of the staff at the LBS. Water can extract the resins from within the wood and deposit them on the surface, leaving brown or black discolorations. Exclusive Lifestyle, Nutrition & Health Advice. However, our testing suggests that oxalic acid (1 cup per quart of warm water) alone does an excellent job, perhaps requiring a little more scrubbing. Contains:Citric Acid Environmental:Environmentally Friendly Storage Instructions:Keep away from children. 2. Mix ONE (1) part UltraPrep Timber Cleaner to FOUR (4) parts water in a plastic container. 2H 2 O. CAS No. However, we can see that a ph of 1.3 Oxalic Acid is a very strong acid, almost as strong as acid can be. 4. Harmful if swallowed. No mention of oxalic acid like on the original ones. For wood applications, use two cups of acid crystals per gallon of hot water. Reviewed in the United States on December 21, 2022, Reviewed in the United States on January 12, 2023. It is also known to contribute the formation of kidney stones. Recipe to prepare Api-Bioxal solution for trickling. Oxalic acid (or oxalate) is the component of spinach, chard, beet greens, and rhubarb that accounts for their sharp taste. Keep wet for 10 -20 minutes with solution and then wash clean with copious amount of water. Oxalic acid is widely known for its ability to chemically bind to rust and remove it from various surfaces including metals and concrete. We will gladly assist with returns and exchanges of this product in accordance with our returns and exchanges policy. It is especially toxic when ingested. : with oxalic acid. John Nealcaptain of Mahina Tiare, a Hallberg-Rassy 46 sail-training shipsaid he rinses the deck regularly and that once a year, he washes the decks with a very soft, fluffy brush and a solution of fresh water, bleach, and dish soap. We know the theory behind using an anchor swivel: The swivel releases any twists in the chain when an anchored boat swings through 360 degrees or more. We tested it undiluted, and the end result was very similar to using just oxalic acid. Jason (in St Paul) : OK, there seems to be some confusion about the materials involved. Oxalic acid can remove some paints and varnishes. Mix a 2.8% oxalic acid solution by dissolving 35 g of Oxalic Acid Dihydrate in 1 liter of 1:1 sugar: water (weight:volume). Florida Laboratories Liquid Wood Cleaner & Polish, 1 lb. Star brites Sea Safe Teak Cleaner and Brightener is based on oxalic acid with the addition of organic surfactants. from what I have seen through searches, the action on rust is similar: oxalic acid/phosphoric acid/acetic acid, I suggest a longer soak, a lower concentration is a slower process. Your recently viewed items and featured recommendations. Buy Oxalic acid 99.6% online | Melbourne, Victoria. Chemical Distributor | Chemical Manufacturer | CORECHEM, Inc. Start your 30 day free trial now! : The most common active ingredient in acid-based teak cleaners is oxalic acid, which is often supplemented with additional cleaning agents. We used the Up-and-Up brand (Target store brand) for testing. I just dab it in lightly and let it set in, wipe off excess. Any third party offering or advertising on this website does not constitute an endorsement by Andrew Weil, M.D. This is a painful condition that affects the vulva, the area around the opening of the vagina; symptoms are burning, itching, soreness, stinging, or throbbing sensations. Oxalic acid (HOOC-COOH) is an organic acid produced by fungi and is one of many organic acids that convert minerals to soil. Use: As a cleaning agent, rust remover, mould killer, stain lifter and bleaching agent. Jac Jay Oxalic Acid is a naturally occurring component of plants and vegetables such as parsley and spinach. Can too much oxalic acid cause health problems? 6 Million by 2027. Balance high-oxalate foods with other fruits and vegetables to help ensure good health. In prior tests, weve seen that borax is among the most effective anti-mildew agents for natural materials, and the USS Constellation, launched in 1854, is preserved in part by regular applications of borax. As scavengers, oxalic acid or oxalates are components in many technical cleaning formulations and these solutions all work on the assumption that the metal-oxalate compounds formed are water-soluble and thus can easily be washed away. Regularly cleaning with these products will shorten a teak decks life. Oxalic Acid (40 lbs) 99.6% Pure - Metal & Wood Cleaning and Bleaching, Rust Removal (C2H2O4) - Heavy-Duty Pail with Easy-Open Lid. Oxalic-Based Products Certain wood species such as cedar and redwood contain natural resins known as tannins. In past issues of Practical Sailor, we tested and compared commercially available teak cleaners (see PS March 2008 and May 2010 online). The resulting solution is left for 5 min for the reaction to take place and then the residual . I considered doing so but then I decided it wasn't worth the trouble because a pot of Y10 lasts me two years so that's only about 6/year. View available times Product ratings and reviews are taken from various sources including bunch.woolworths.com.au and Bazaarvoice. Mix Oxalic powder with water to create a solution of Oxalic acid. Free delivery on eligible orders with OnePass. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); You have entered an incorrect email address! The Neatsfoot Oil or Mineral Salts Method. Bottom line: Save the bleach for the most extreme cases of staining when nothing else works; keep it off aluminum. Use undiluted. It sells for about $1.25 for a 64-ounce bottle. BKF (AKA Bar Keepers Friend) is readily available in most supermarkets-certainly in Waitrose, and ironmongers and other DIY type places. 40 Lbs in heavy-duty resealable pail. , Manufacturer One of the common uses of this chemical is in . Loading and transportation requirements apply to you when purchasing or collecting this product.Jac Jay Oxalic Acid is a naturally occurring component of plants and vegetables such as parsley and spinach.Use: As a cleaning agent, rust remover, mould killer, stain lifter and bleaching agent. GREAT FOR: Rust Removal, Iron Stain Removal, Metal Cleaning, Bleaching Agent, Wood Stain Cleaner, Pool Stain Remover & Much More! Mix up a saturated solution of oxalic acid [Amazon] by adding the crystals to a jar of warm water with a plastic spoon ( Photo 4 ). Use the scrubbing brush to scrub the stains. It's found in vegetables like sorrel, spinach, and rhubarb. Global Oxalic Acid Industry. ic acid ()k-sa-lik- : a poisonous strong acid (COOH)2 or H2C2O4 that occurs in various plants (such as spinach) as oxalates and is used especially as a bleaching or cleaning agent and as a chemical intermediate Example Sentences You should not use the information on this website for diagnosing or treating a health problem or disease, or prescribing any medication or other treatment. For more limited or direct applications, mix 1 tablespoon oxalic acid into 1 cup of warm water. Two-part teak cleaners complete the cleansing with a neutralizer/mild cleaner. 29 Oxalic acid has been petitioned for addition to the National List at 205.603 for the control of varroa mites 30 in organic honey bee hives. Oxalic acid is commonly used and so the quantities to be used are well documented. There is a surprising amount of paint left hidden behind the rust. To remove bore stains & rust make a solution of 1 part Oxalic to 10 with water and apply. PREPARATION 1. eg. As little as 5 grams (71 mg/kg) may be fatal. After narrowing down the field, we tested the more promising homebrew formulas on an acacia-wood cockpit grating. Collect Flybuys points when you shop in-store or online! We used a 12 volt 115 amp hour lead-acid "leisure" battery, of the type used in a caravan and effectively the same as a normal car or truck battery. Bottom line: Though its little help with stained teak, CLR is a good choice for tasks that call for gentler acids. Tranexamic Acid Serum 5% Kojic Acid 5% Vitamin C Hyaluronic Acid and Glycolic Acid. Oxalate is the anion that originates from oxalic acid. If desired, a borax solution (half-cup of borax per quart of warm water) can be used as a second step to neutralize residual oxalic acid, brighten the wood, and impart some temporary mildew protection. Its not anywhere near as hazardous as is often implied on here, as long as basic precautions are taken. Or will it pooch the anodised rims? Support small. Check my maths . Intergrain UltraPrep Timber Cleaner is a high strength cleaner that restores grey, rust or tannin stained, mould or mildew affected timber to a clean appearance, suitable for coating. By Solution to Beehives (Oxalic acid in sugar solution is trickled between frames and other spaces) 3. Add. [PubChem] Elsewhere on this site Ive addressed the issue of oxalic acids interference with the absorption of calcium from spinach and other green vegetables. Features:BKF does not contain bleach, making it ideal for cleaning stainless steel. We found it selling online for $1 for 16 ounces. For this report, we made our own inexpensive, do-it-yourself teak cleaners and compared their performance to that of the store-bought products. These are water soluble materials which are reddish brown in color. Bottom line: Cheap and effective, oxalic acid is our Best Choice and Budget Buy pick for reviving neglected teak with a DIY cleaner. |May 21, 2018 1 min Oxalic acid (or oxalate) is the component of spinach, chard, beet greens, and rhubarb that accounts for their sharp taste. Popular and effective for wood bleaching, including decking. While the acid is not corrosive like other acids, it is . Bottom line: We Recommend the Sea Safe for teak cleaning. Please read product labels before consuming. 2017). We will gladly assist with returns and exchanges of this product in accordance with our returns and exchanges policy. This explains why water has a ph of 7, it is neither an acid nor a base. I'm getting ready to dunk a 70s kid dragster to do some testing. Don't look for it in the paint section at Bunnings, the Diggers Rust and Stain Cleaner is in the building area with all the concrete and stone prep/cleaning supplies. The Wood Bleach product is technical-grade oxalic acid; it has no additives and-despite the name-it does not contain sodium hypochlorite. : Fine Sandpaper Treatment. Terms and Conditions It also provided some additional brightening when used as a second step after acid cleaners. OXALIC ACID POWDER Cleans new and old timber prior to oiling, staining and painting, when a solution of 1 part Oxalic is added to 10 parts water and applied for 20 minutes then washed of with water. Start your 14-day free trial now for access to shopping and eating guides, hundreds of recipes, an exclusive version of Dr. Weils Anti-Inflammatory Food Pyramid and more! In this round of tests, borax (a half-cup per quart of warm water) was moderately effective, but not as effective as acid-based cleaners. But while following a low-oxalate diet was once recommended to prevent kidney stones, recent research suggests that eating more calcium-rich foods to increase oxalate excretion may be more effective. The chemical makeup is similar for most commercial teak cleaners: They use organic acids (usually oxalic acid) to break down difficult stains, and surfactants help remove oils and increase acid penetration. Oxalic acid, naturally occurs in many plants (spinach, ginger, chocolate, etc. When serious cleaning is required-and this should be done no more often than annually because of wear and tear on the wood-our choice is an oxalic acid solution (one cup of plain oxalic acid mixed with one quart of warm water). It is chemical known as a caustic. As suggested buy some oxalic acid and use it as a near saturated solution, thickened with wallpaper paste for vertical surfaces. Dark Spot Remover Melasma Treatment for Face and Neck Cruelty Free Facial Serum Anti Aging Vegan (1.01 Fl Oz (Pack of 1)), Oxalic Acid, Dihydrate - Ethanedioic Acid - 5LB Bag - Cleaning Agent - Wood Bleaching - Rust Removal - High Purity - Alliance Chemical, Swimming Pool Cleaner & Spa Stain Remover (2pack, 4 lbs) - Natural Citric Acid Powder Pool Clarifier, Works on Vinyl Liners, Fiberglass, Metals Removes Rust & Stains Without Harsh Pool Chemicals, Harris Borax Laundry Booster and Multipurpose Cleaner, 1.5lb (Unscented), Nutricost Ascorbic Acid Powder (Vitamin C) 2 LBS - Gluten Free, Non-GMO, Learn more how customers reviews work on Amazon. From: Practical Chemical Thermodynamics for Geoscientists, 2013 View all Topics Add to Mendeley Download as PDF About this page Progress, prospects, and challenges of genetic engineering in phytoremediation Ive read claims that oxalates are linked to development of autism, but I havent seen any scientific confirmation of an association. Painting. In women, some cases of vulvodynia may be associated with oxalic acid. http://www.supercheapauto.com.au/online 5818#Cross, International and National Tours and Events. Because it lacks surfactants, it may be less effective on teak that has been oiled and is black with dirt, but we couldnt tell the difference. Rinse deck with clean water. It does not affect calcium absorption from dairy products. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Cook high-oxalate vegetables to lower their oxalate content. Oxalic acid, also called ethanedioic acid, a colourless, crystalline, toxic organic compound belonging to the family of carboxylic acids. Apply solution evenly on both sides of the package. Can be used to kill mould and to lighten sun faded/silvered timber prior to coating. Join Dr. Weil on Healthy Aging, your online guide to the anti-inflammatory diet. or Healthy Lifestyle Brands. Fortifying Marine Fabrics Against the Elements. Acid Oxalic c dng trong sn xut bt giy Trong luyn kim. If youre concerned about kidney stones, a calcium-rich diet will reduce the amount of oxalate your body absorbs, lessening the chance of stone formation two to three servings daily of calcium-rich foods should do the trick. OXALIC ACID POWDER is a colourless crystalline solid that forms a colourless solution in water and is used for a variety of cleaning applications.. Use Recommendations. For therapeutic goods, always read the label and follow the directions for use on pack. Few health problems are linked to oxalic acid, although it can cause formation of kidney stones in people with inflammatory bowel disease, primarily because they are unable to regulate the amount they absorb. JavaScript is disabled.
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