Phillis Wheatley: Poems essays are academic essays for citation. To S. M., a Young African Painter, on Seeing His Works: analysis. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'americanpoems_com-medrectangle-1','ezslot_6',119,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-americanpoems_com-medrectangle-1-0');report this ad, 2000-2022 Gunnar Bengtsson American Poems. In Phillis Wheatley and the Romantic Age, Shields contends that Wheatley was not only a brilliant writer but one whose work made a significant impression on renowned Europeans of the Romantic age, such as Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who borrowed liberally from her works, particularly in his famous distinction between fancy and imagination. Even at the young age of thirteen, she was writing religious verse. The poet asks, and Phillis can't refuse / To shew th'obedience of the Infant muse. The article describes the goal . She went on to learn Greek and Latin and caused a stir among Boston scholars by translating a tale from Ovid. All this research and interpretation has proven Wheatley Peters disdain for the institution of slavery and her use of art to undermine its practice. And purer language on th ethereal plain. Conduct thy footsteps to immortal fame! In 1773, with financial support from the English Countess of Huntingdon, Wheatley traveled to London with the Wheatley's sonto publish her first collection of poems. To support her family, she worked as a scrubwoman in a boardinghouse while continuing to write poetry. She, however, did have a statement to make about the institution of slavery, and she made it to the most influential segment of 18th-century societythe institutional church. This ClassicNote on Phillis Wheatley focuses on six of her poems: "On Imagination," "On Being Brought from Africa to America," "To S.M., A Young African Painter, on seeing his Works," "A Hymn to the Evening," "To the Right Honourable WILLIAM, Earl of DARTMOUTH, his Majesty's Principal Secretary of State of North-America, &c.," and "On Virtue." The generous Spirit that Columbia fires. Although many British editorials castigated the Wheatleys for keeping Wheatleyin slavery while presenting her to London as the African genius, the family had provided an ambiguous haven for the poet. Where eer Columbia spreads her swelling Sails: II. In 1765, when Phillis Wheatley was about eleven years old, she wrote a letter to Reverend Samson Occum, a Mohegan Indian and an ordained Presbyterian minister. A house slave as a child Without Wheatley's ingenious writing based off of her grueling and sorrowful life, many poets and writers of today's culture may not exist. 'On Being Brought from Africa to America' is a poem by Phillis Wheatley (c. 1753-84), who was the first African-American woman to publish a book of poetry: Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral appeared in 1773 when she was probably still in her early twenties. Lets take a closer look at On Being Brought from Africa to America, line by line: Twas mercy brought me from my Pagan land. Boston: Published by Geo. Tracing the fight for equality and womens rights through poetry. "Phillis Wheatley." She wrote several letters to ministers and others on liberty and freedom. A progressive social reformer and activist, Jane Addams was on the frontline of the settlement house movement and was the first American woman to wina Nobel Peace Prize. Still may the painters and the poets fire The ideologies expressed throughout their work had a unique perspective, due to their intimate insight of being apart of the slave system. It included a forward, signed by John Hancock and other Boston notablesas well as a portrait of Wheatleyall designed to prove that the work was indeed written by a black woman. To S. M., a Young African Painter, on Seeing His Works: summary. by Phillis Wheatley *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RELIGIOUS AND MORAL POEMS . And in an outspoken letter to the Reverend Samson Occom, written after Wheatley Peters was free and published repeatedly in Boston newspapers in 1774, she equates American slaveholding to that of pagan Egypt in ancient times: Otherwise, perhaps, the Israelites had been less solicitous for their Freedom from Egyptian Slavery: I dont say they would have been contented without it, by no Means, for in every human Breast, God has implanted a Principle, which we call Love of freedom; it is impatient of Oppression, and pants for Deliverance; and by the Leave of our modern Egyptians I will assert that the same Principle lives in us. There was a time when I thought that African-American literature did not exist before Frederick Douglass. And may the charms of each seraphic theme But here it is interesting how Wheatley turns the focus from her own views of herself and her origins to others views: specifically, Western Europeans, and Europeans in the New World, who viewed African people as inferior to white Europeans. PhillisWheatleywas born around 1753, possibly in Senegal or The Gambia, in West Africa. Wheatley and her work served as a powerful symbol in the fight for both racial and gender equality in early America and helped fuel the growing antislavery movement. And view the landscapes in the realms above? Interesting Literature is a participant in the Amazon EU Associates Programme, an affiliate advertising programme designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by linking to Amazon.co.uk. Still, with the sweets of contemplation blessd, Wheatley returned to Boston in September 1773 because Susanna Wheatley had fallen ill. Phillis Wheatley was freed the following month; some scholars believe that she made her freedom a condition of her return from England. Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral. To a Lady on her coming to North-America with her Son, for the Recovery of her Health To a Lady on her remarkable, Preservation in an Hurricane in North Carolina To a Lady and her Children, on the Death of her Son and their Brother To a Gentleman and Lady on the Death of the Lady's Brother and Sister, and a Child of the Name Avis, aged one Year At age fourteen, Wheatley began to write poetry, publishing her first poem in 1767. The word "benighted" is an interesting one: It means "overtaken by . GradeSaver, 17 July 2019 Web. As one of few women and Asian musicians in the jazz world, Akiyoshi infused Japanese culture, sounds, and instruments into her music. M. is Scipio Moorhead, the artist who drew the engraving of Wheatley featured on her volume of poetry in 1773. Who are the pious youths the poet addresses in stanza 1? Sold into slavery as a child, Wheatley became the first African American author of a book of poetry when her words were published in 1773 . 2. by Phillis Wheatley "On Recollection." Additional Information Year Published: 1773 Language: English Country of Origin: United States of America Source: Wheatley, P. (1773). More than one-third of her canon is composed of elegies, poems on the deaths of noted persons, friends, or even strangers whose loved ones employed the poet. This is worth noting because much of Wheatleys poetry is influenced by the Augustan mode, which was prevalent in English (and early American) poetry of the time. She came to prominence during the American Revolutionary period and is understood today for her fervent commitment to abolitionism, as her international fame brought her into correspondence with leading abolitionists on both sides of the Atlantic. 'On Being Brought from Africa to America' by Phillis Wheatley is a short, eight-line poem that is structured with a rhyme scheme of AABBCCDD. Wheatley was the first African-American woman to publish a book of poetry: Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral appeared in 1773 when she To show the labring bosoms deep intent, Phillis W heatly, the first African A merican female poet, published her work when she . Her writing style embraced the elegy, likely from her African roots, where it was the role of girls to sing and perform funeral dirges. A number of her other poems celebrate the nascent United States of America, whose struggle for independence she sometimes employed as a metaphor for spiritual or, more subtly, racial freedom. While Wheatleywas recrossing the Atlantic to reach Mrs. Wheatley, who, at the summers end, had become seriously ill, Bell was circulating the first edition of Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral (1773), the first volume of poetry by an African American published in modern times. They have also charted her notable use of classicism and have explicated the sociological intent of her biblical allusions. Note how the deathless (i.e., eternal or immortal) nature of Moorheads subjects is here linked with the immortal fame Wheatley believes Moorheads name will itself attract, in time, as his art becomes better-known. 3. How did those prospects give my soul delight, These words demonstrate the classically-inspired and Christianity-infused artistry of poet Phillis Wheatley, through whose work a deep love of liberty and quest for freedom rings. Heroic couplets were used, especially in the eighteenth century when Phillis Wheatley was writing, for verse which was serious and weighty: heroic couplets were so named because they were used in verse translations of classical epic poems by Homer and Virgil, i.e., the serious and grand works of great literature. She is one of the best-known and most important poets of pre-19th-century America. Zuck, Rochelle Raineri. "Phillis Wheatley." Mary Wheatley and her father died in 1778; Nathaniel, who had married and moved to England, died in 1783. By 1765, Phillis Wheatley was composing poetry and, in 1767, had a poem published in a Rhode Island newspaper. A slave, as a child she was purchased by John Wheatley, merchant tailor, of Boston, Mass. When her book of poetry, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, appeared, she became the first American slave, the first person of African descent, and only the third colonial American woman to have her work published. P R E F A C E. Phillis Wheatley, in full Phillis Wheatley Peters, (born c. 1753, present-day Senegal?, West Africadied December 5, 1784, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.), the first Black woman to become a poet of note in the United States. Parks, "Phillis Wheatley Comes Home,", Benjamin Quarles, "A Phillis Wheatley Letter,", Gregory Rigsby, "Form and Content in Phillis Wheatley's Elegies,", Rigsby, "Phillis Wheatley's Craft as Reflected in Her Revised Elegies,", Charles Scruggs, "Phillis Wheatley and the Poetical Legacy of Eighteenth Century England,", John C. Shields, "Phillis Wheatley and Mather Byles: A Study in Literary Relationship,", Shields, "Phillis Wheatley's Use of Classicism,", Kenneth Silverman, "Four New Letters by Phillis Wheatley,", Albertha Sistrunk, "Phillis Wheatley: An Eighteenth-Century Black American Poet Revisited,". Wheatley had been taken from Africa (probably Senegal, though we cannot be sure) to America as a young girl, and sold into slavery. In heaven, Wheatleys poetic voice will make heavenly sounds, because she is so happy. She was born in West Africa circa 1753, and thus she was only a few years . Though she continued writing, she published few new poems after her marriage. Poems to integrate into your English Language Arts classroom. That theres a God, that theres a Saviour too: May be refind, and join th angelic train. Wheatley was fortunate to receive the education she did, when so many African slaves fared far worse, but she also clearly had a nature aptitude for writing. High to the blissful wonders of the skies She was freed shortly after the publication of her poems, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, a volume which bore a preface signed by a number of influential American men, including John Hancock, famous signatory of the Declaration of Independence just three years later. Upon arrival, she was sold to the Wheatley family in Boston, Massachusetts. Phyllis Wheatley wrote "To the University of Cambridge, In New England" in iambic pentameter. This is a classic form in English poetry, consisting of five feet, each of two syllables, with the . Or rising radiance of Auroras eyes, Between October and December 1779, with at least the partial motive of raising funds for her family, she ran six advertisements soliciting subscribers for 300 pages in Octavo, a volume Dedicated to the Right Hon. For Wheatley, the best art is inspired by divine subjects and heavenly influence, and even such respected subjects as Greek and Roman myth (those references to Damon and Aurora) cannot move poets to compose art as noble as Christian themes can. I confess I had no idea who she was before I read her name, poetry, or looked . Wheatleyhad forwarded the Whitefield poem to Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon, to whom Whitefield had been chaplain. Through Pope's translation of Homer, she also developed a taste for Greek mythology, all which have an enormous influence on her work, with much of her poetry dealing with important figures of her day. Die, of course, is dye, or colour. Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. Phillis Wheatley (1753-1784), poet, born in Africa. In her epyllion Niobe in Distress for Her Children Slain by Apollo, from Ovids Metamorphoses, Book VI, and from a view of the Painting of Mr. Richard Wilson, she not only translates Ovid but adds her own beautiful lines to extend the dramatic imagery. In 1772, she sought to publish her first . Born around 1753 in Gambia, Africa, Wheatley was captured by slave traders and brought to America in 1761. In less than two years, Phillis had mastered English. Taught my benighted soul to understand They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 2. The illustrious francine j. harris is in the proverbial building, and we couldnt be more thrilled. "On Being Brought from Africa to America", "To S.M., A Young African Painter, On Seeing His Works", "To the Right Honourable WILLIAM, Earl of DARTMOUTH, his Majestys Principal Secretary of State of North-America, &c., Read the Study Guide for Phillis Wheatley: Poems, The Public Consciousness of Phillis Wheatley, Phillis Wheatley: A Concealed Voice Against Slavery, From Ignorance To Enlightenment: Wheatley's OBBAA, View our essays for Phillis Wheatley: Poems, View the lesson plan for Phillis Wheatley: Poems, To the University of Cambridge, in New England. Efforts to publish a second book of poems failed. Diffusing light celestial and refin'd. By ev'ry tribe beneath the rolling sun. The students will discuss diversity within the economics profession and in the federal government, and the functions of the Federal Reserve System and U. S. monetary policy, by reviewing a historic timeline and analyzing the acts of Janet Yellen. Looking upon the kingdom of heaven makes us excessively happy. Hail, happy Saint, on thy immortal throne! 2015. www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/phillis-wheatley. Of Recollection such the pow'r enthron'd In ev'ry breast, and thus her pow'r is own'd. The wretch, who dar'd the vengeance of the skies, At last awakes in horror and surprise, . The Wheatley family educated her and within sixteen months of her . We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. In "On Imagination," Wheatley writes about the personified Imagination, and creates a powerful allegory for slavery, as the speaker's fancy is expanded by imagination, only for Winter, representing a slave-owner, to prevent the speaker from living out these imaginings. Soon she was immersed in the Bible, astronomy, geography, history, British literature (particularly John Milton and Alexander Pope), and the Greek and Latin classics of Virgil, Ovid, Terence, and Homer. Date accessed. Photo by Kevin Grady/Radcliffe Institute, 2023 President and Fellows of Harvard College, Legacies of Slavery: From the Institutional to the Personal, COVID and Campus Closures: The Legacies of Slavery Persist in Higher Ed, Striving for a Full Stop to Period Poverty. And may the muse inspire each future song! Remember, Christians, Negros, black as Cain, Summary. The word diabolic means devilish, or of the Devil, continuing the Christian theme. In the title of this poem, S. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Though they align on the right to freedom, they do not entirely collude together, on the same abolitionist tone. Two hundred and fifty-nine years ago this July, a girl captured somewhere between . Wheatley implores her Christian readers to remember that black Africans are said to be afflicted with the mark of Cain: after the slave trade was introduced in America, one justification white Europeans offered for enslaving their fellow human beings was that Africans had the curse of Cain, punishment handed down to Cains descendants in retribution for Cains murder of his brother Abel in the Book of Genesis. Updates? All the themes in her poetry are reflection of her life as a slave and her ardent resolve for liberation. (The first American edition of this book was not published until two years after her death.) In 1773, she published a collection of poems titled, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral. Some view our sable race with scornful eye, American Poems - Analysis, Themes, Meaning and Literary Devices. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Phillis Wheatley's poetry. Born in West Africa, Wheatley became enslaved as a child. Despite spending much of her life enslaved, Phillis Wheatley was the first African American and second woman (after Anne Bradstreet) to publish a book of poems. She was taken from West Africa when she was seven years old and transported to Boston. Wheatley traveled to London in May 1773 with the son of her enslaver. A Wheatley relative later reported that the family surmised the girlwho was of slender frame and evidently suffering from a change of climate, nearly naked, with no other covering than a quantity of dirty carpet about herto be about seven years old from the circumstances of shedding her front teeth. Accessed February 10, 2015. They have also charted her notable use of classicism and have explicated the sociological intent of her biblical allusions. Contrasting with the reference to her Pagan land in the first line, Wheatley directly references God and Jesus Christ, the Saviour, in this line. Wheatleywas seized from Senegal/Gambia, West Africa, when she was about seven years old. During the first six weeks after their return to Boston, Wheatley Peters stayed with one of her nieces in a bombed-out mansion that was converted to a day school after the war. Phillis Wheatley was the first African American woman to publish a collection of poetry. Though Wheatley generally avoided making the topic of slavery explicit in her poetry, her identity as an enslaved woman was always present, even if her experience of slavery may have been atypical. The Question and Answer section for Phillis Wheatley: Poems is a great Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. Their note began: "We whose Names are under-written, do assure the World, that the Poems specified in the following Page, were [] written by Phillis, a young Negro Girl, who was but a few Years since, brought an uncultivated Barbarian from Africa." 3 Phillis Wheatley: Poems e-text contains the full texts of select works of Phillis Wheatley's poetry. MNEME begin. On January 2 of that same year, she published An Elegy, Sacred to the Memory of that Great Divine, The Reverend and Learned Dr. Samuel Cooper, just a few days after the death of the Brattle Street churchs pastor. To aid thy pencil, and thy verse conspire! MNEME begin. William, Earl of Dartmouth Ode to Neptune . The word sable is a heraldic word being black: a reference to Wheatleys skin colour, of course. Omissions? Phillis Wheatley was the author of the first known book of poetry by a Black woman, published in London in 1773. Enter your email address to subscribe to this site and receive notifications of new posts by email. Twas mercy brought me from my Pagan land, Benjamin Franklin, Esq. Toshiko Akiyoshi changed the face of jazz music over her sixty-year career. Elate thy soul, and raise thy wishful eyes. Despite the difference in their. Captured for slavery, the young girl served John and Susanna Wheatley in Boston, Massachusetts until legally granted freedom in 1773. Yet throughout these lean years, Wheatley Peters continued to write and publish her poems and to maintain, though on a much more limited scale, her international correspondence. was either nineteen or twenty. In a 1774 letter to British philanthropist John Thornton . Biblical themes would continue to feature prominently in her work. In the past decade, Wheatley scholars have uncovered poems, letters, and more facts about her life and her association with 18th-century Black abolitionists. each noble path pursue, Find out how Phillis Wheatley became the first African American woman poet of note. This simple and consistent pattern makes sense for Wheatley's straightforward message. Suffice would be defined as not being enough or adequate. The delightful attraction of good, angelic, and pious subjects should also help Moorhead on his path towards immortality. Poems on Various Subjects. In regards to the meter, Wheatley makes use of the most popular pattern, iambic pentameter. Wheatleys first poem to appear in print was On Messrs. Hussey and Coffin (1767), about sailors escaping disaster. Phillis Wheatley and Thomas Jefferson In "Query 14" of Notes on the State of Virginia (1785), Thomas Jefferson famously critiques Phillis Wheatley's poetry. Wheatley casts her own soul as benighted or dark, playing on the blackness of her skin but also the idea that the Western, Christian world is the enlightened one. Although scholars had generally believed that An Elegiac Poem, on the Death of that Celebrated Divine, and Eminent Servant of Jesus Christ, the Reverend and Learned George Whitefield (1770) was Wheatleys first published poem, Carl Bridenbaugh revealed in 1969 that 13-year-old Wheatleyafter hearing a miraculous saga of survival at seawrote On Messrs. Hussey and Coffin, a poem which was published on 21 December 1767 in the Newport, Rhode Island, Mercury. Original by Sondra A. ONeale, Emory University. Hammon writes: "God's tender . He can depict his thoughts on the canvas in the form of living, breathing figures; as soon as Wheatley first saw his work, it delighted her soul to see such a new talent. The first installment of a special series about the intersections between poetry and poverty. Though she continued writing, she published few new poems after her marriage. Corrections? Inspire, ye sacred nine, Your vent'rous Afric in her great design. In the short poem On Being Brought from Africa to America, Phillis Wheatley reminds her (white) readers that although she is black, everyone regardless of skin colour can be refined and join the choirs of the godly. Save. Beginning in her early teens, she wrote verse that was stylistically influenced by British Neoclassical poets such as Alexander Pope and was largely concerned with morality, piety, and freedom. Re-membering America: Phillis Wheatley's Intertextual Epic hough Phillis Wheatley's poetry has received considerable critical attention, much of the commentary on her work focuses on the problem of the "blackness," or lack thereof, of the first published African American woman poet. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Illustration by Scipio Moorhead. In this section of the Notes he addresses views of race and relates his theory of race to both the aesthetic potential of slaves as well as their political futures. Wheatley's poems, which bear the influence of eighteenth-century English verse - her preferred form was the heroic couplet used by Because Wheatley did not write an account of her own life, Odells memoir had an outsized effect on subsequent biographies; some scholars have argued that Odell misrepresented Wheatleys life and works. Phillis Wheatley, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, 1773. And darkness ends in everlasting day, Phillis Wheatley was the first globally recognized African American female poet. MLA - Michals, Debra. The girl who was to be named Phillis Wheatley was captured in West Africa and taken to Boston by slave traders in 1761. Wheatley supported the American Revolution, and she wrote a flattering poem in 1775 to George Washington. Phillis Wheatley, an eighteenth century poet born in West Africa, arrived on American soil in 1761 around the age of eight. PHILLIS WHEATLEY was a native of Africa; and was brought to this country in the year 1761, and sold as a slave. In the second stanza, the speaker implores Helicon, the source of poetic inspiration in Greek mythology, to aid them in making a song glorifying Imagination. Phillis Wheatley was the first African American to publish a book and the first American woman to earn a living from her writing. This is obviously difficult for us to countenance as modern readers, since Wheatley was forcibly taken and sold into slavery; and it is worth recalling that Wheatleys poems were probably published, in part, because they werent critical of the slave trade, but upheld what was still mainstream view at the time. Born in West Africa, she was enslaved as a child and brought to Boston in 1761. The Wheatleyfamily educated herand within sixteen months of her arrival in America she could read the Bible, Greek and Latin classics, and British literature. Bell. Phillis Wheatley. Library of Congress, March 1, 2012. Expressing gratitude for her enslavement may be unexpected to most readers. Perhaps the most notable aspect of Wheatleys poem is that only the first half of it is about Moorheads painting. At the end of her life, Wheatley was working as a servant, and she died in poverty in 1784. Beginning in the 1970's, Phillis Wheatley began to receive the attention she deserves. She also studied astronomy and geography. Wheatley begins by crediting her enslavement as a positive because it has brought her to Christianity. When first thy pencil did those beauties give, According to Margaret Matilda Oddell, National Women's History Museum, 2015. Phillis Wheatley was an avid student of the Bible and especially admired the works of Alexander Pope (1688-1744), the British neoclassical writer. For instance, On Being Brought from Africa to America, the best-known Wheatley poem, chides the Great Awakening audience to remember that Africans must be included in the Christian stream: Remember, Christians, Negroes, black as Cain, /May be refind and join th angelic train. The remainder of Wheatleys themes can be classified as celebrations of America. At age fourteen, Wheatley began to write poetry, publishing her first poem in 1767. She is the Boston Writers of Color Group Coordinator. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. . On Being Brought from Africa to America is written in iambic pentameter and, specifically, heroic couplets: rhyming couplets of iambic pentameter, rhymed aabbccdd. She also felt that despite the poor economy, her American audience and certainly her evangelical friends would support a second volume of poetry. Celestial Salem blooms in endless spring. PHILLIS WHEATLEY. In this lesson, students will experience the tragedy of the commons through a team activity in which they compete for resources. the solemn gloom of night Abigail Adams was an early advocate for women's rights. Your email address will not be published. Taught MY be-NIGHT-ed SOUL to UN-der-STAND. Religion was also a key influence, and it led Protestants in America and England to enjoy her work. what peace, what joys are hers t impartTo evry holy, evry upright heart!Thrice blest the man, who, in her sacred shrine,Feels himself shelterd from the wrath divine!if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'americanpoems_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_2',103,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-americanpoems_com-medrectangle-3-0'); Your email address will not be published. She was transported to the Boston docks with a shipment of refugee slaves, who because of age or physical frailty were unsuited for rigorous labor in the West Indian and Southern colonies, the first ports of call after the Atlantic crossing. She did not become widely known until the publication of An Elegiac Poem, on the Death of That Celebrated DivineGeorge Whitefield (1770), a tribute to George Whitefield, a popular preacher with whom she may have been personally acquainted. Notes: [1] Burtons name is inscribed on the front pastedown. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. "On Virtue. Wheatleys literary talent and personal qualities contributed to her great social success in London. While yet o deed ungenerous they disgrace Another fervent Wheatley supporter was Dr. Benjamin Rush, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Moorheads art, his subject-matter, and divine inspiration are all linked. "On Virtue" is a poem personifying virtue, as the speaker asks Virtue to help them not be lead astray. She was enslaved by a tailor, John Wheatley, and his wife, Susanna. In To Maecenas she transforms Horaces ode into a celebration of Christ. Phillis (not her original name) was brought to the North America in 1761 as part of the slave trade from Senegal/Gambia. Phillis Wheatley was an internationally known American poet of the late 18th century. As Richmond concludes, with ample evidence, when she died on December 5, 1784, John Peters was incarcerated, forced to relieve himself of debt by an imprisonment in the county jail. Their last surviving child died in time to be buried with his mother, and, as Odell recalled, A grandniece of Phillis benefactress, passing up Court Street, met the funeral of an adult and a child: a bystander informed her that they were bearing Phillis Wheatley to that silent mansion.
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