The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information. (2010), since the Iraq war, Americans with a strong national identity expressed the most disdain for: People redirect their hostility when the cause of their frustration is intimidating or unknown. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2007). Classic examples of blatant bias include the views of members of hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan and members of Hitlers Nazi party. For example, rich people are often viewed as competent but cold. Devine and her colleagues (2005) note that automatic prejudices subside when ________. Most people have a positive view of themselves. Question 1 2 out of 2 points A tendency to favor one's own group is called: Selected Answer: Response Feedback: ingroup bias. Attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, emotional responses such as a speaker's attractiveness. This best illustrates the value of, Sharing household chores ranks high on a list of things people associate with successful marriages. does not simply mean taking pride in one's group; it also involves asserting the group's superiority over other groups. Psychology. The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. Boy scout experiment- created conflict and then used superordinate goals to override it, woman whose murder in front of witnesses led to research on bystander effect, Los Infinitivos -AR de Descubre 1: Parte 1, Los Infinitivos -AR de Descubre 1: Parte 2, 01: History of PsychPeople (Unit 1 Review), Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. 6. This is best illustrated in studies of, Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying, Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. triangular theory of love. maxxa+ysubjecttopx+y=m. Consider the utility maximization problem, maxxa+ysubjecttopx+y=m\max x^a+y \quad \text { subject to } p x+y=m D) the effects of exposure to violent pornography. Misra, S., Le, P.T., Goldmann, E. & Yang, L.H. Subtle biases (also called automatic or implicit biases) are unexamined and sometimes unconscious, but just as real in their consequences. d. physical attractiveness. Explaining behaviors based on a person's characteristics; traits, maturity, etc. Her explanation for the accident provides and example of. In order for a transaction to be recorded in a business accounting records, the effects of the transaction must be faithfully represented. c. animals can be bred for aggressiveness. Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive. It pays the utility bill during July. This best illustrates the perceived value of, The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment stimulated social-psychological research on. Some group stereotypes are mixed, high on one dimension and low on the other. This reaction is best explained in terms of: After the events of 9/11, some Americans began boycotting Arab-American stores and lashing out at any person they perceived as Middle Eastern. An example of the fundamental attribution error is illustrated in our tendency to underestimate the extent to which others' behavior is influenced by: Politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrate that, That actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes, The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by, The set of prescribed behaviors associated with a particular social position is best described as, Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. "teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to severe stress. Manson, J. H. (2020). ____________ can be defined as any physical or verbal behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy. Draw a circle graph with this information. There are also lots of stereotypes regarding each race. A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. These two simple dimensionswarmth and competencetogether map how groups relate to each other in society. Discrimination and the implicit association test. ________ is a tendency to favor one's own group. Sons are more valued than daughters. At the time it was written, however, women and minorities (especially enslaved people) were not included in this sentiment. Some of the jurors commented on the rape victim's history of going out to various bars and they said she had been dressed too provocatively; in other words, "looking like that," she had asked to be assaulted. (Fiske, Cuddy, & Glick, 2007). b. scapegoat theory: the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. swissworld: saisons D) the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate. social class, family, football team etc.) Social identity is a person's sense of who they are based on their group membership (s). Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. We also want to know whether the members of the group are competent enough to act on their good or ill intentions. They believe they have good values, rational thoughts, and strengths. People are often biased against others outside of their own social group, showing prejudice (emotional bias), stereotypes (cognitive bias), and discrimination (behavioral bias). A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. They are motivated by . the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet. For example, if two classes of children want to play on the same soccer field, the classes will come to dislike each other not because of any real, objectionable traits about the other group. For example, ethnic Asians living in the United States are commonly referred to as the model minority because of their perceived success in areas such as education, income, and social stability. believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups . The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Turner, J. C. (1975). Although research has shown that people higher in SDO are more likely to be politically conservative, there are other traits that more strongly predict ones SDO. d. ingroup bias., Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat. As a result, outgroup disliking stems from this in-group liking (Brewer & Brown, 1998). This sends subtle cues to the applicant that she is not being taken seriously, is not a good fit for the job, or is not likely to get hired. Social categorization and stereotyping in vivo: The VUCA challenge. Mr. Wong, a high school teacher, tells his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and, thus, give better speeches than girls. Like SDO, there does appear to be an association between this ideology (i.e. Assume that p,q,rp, q, rp,q,r, and sss represent propositions, "teachers" actually seemed to enjoy shocking the "learners.". . direction a . This illustrates, Adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called, Research participants believed that the Ash conformity test involved a study of, Alex thinks smoking is addictive but other players on his hockey team insist that it's not. This is an example of: Elena's boss fires her because he is downsizing his company. d. deindividuation. Biases can explicit (overt and conscious) or more implicit (automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent). The IAT measures how quickly you can sort words or pictures into different categories. a. deindividuation. C) a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. attitude. To illustrate this pattern, we turn to two ideologies related to bias. A) perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others. Situational (External) Attribution Theory. The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the . 2. an inclination, bent, or predisposition to something. In the context of the relationship between religion and racial prejudice, if one defines religiousness as church membership, then the more religious people have ________. In-group favoritism, sometimes known as in-group-out-group bias, in-group bias, intergroup bias, or in-group preference, is a pattern of favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members. Iceland, for example, guarantees legal equality between men and women. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is sometimes called the ________ gene. In the abstract these mental maps can help us understand how to interact with new people based on educated guesses about their category. d. Catharsis. e. Essentialism. Conserves physiological arousal and excitement. People who score higher on the scale show more ingroup favoritism in comparison with those who score lower on it (Stangor & Thompson, 2002). d. encouraging them to engage in more thoughtful moral reasoning. The tendency of people to believe that one gets what one deserves and deserves what one gets is called: In Harber's (1998) study, poorly written essays received high ratings if participants were led to believe they were written by Black students rather than White students. skepticism. Being audience-centered means a speaker must sacrifice what she or he really believes to get a favorable response from . Although this is unfair, sometimes the automatic associationsoften driven by societys stereotypestrump our own explicit values (Devine, 1989). living in a nice neighborhood denotes ones place in the social hierarchya place reserved for ones in-group members). 30. In other words, ingroup bias denotes positive feelings towards one's ingroup, while outgroup bias denotes negative feelings towards outgroups. Indicate the amount of expenses (if any) the firm recognizes during the months of June, July, and August in each of the following hypothetical transactions. Just that morning, a court officer had confiscated a juror's copy of The New York Post with the case on the cover. Distinguish prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination. The scale, from Luhtanen and Crocker (1992), is shown in Table 12.2 "The Collective Self-Esteem Scale". Armstrong Publishing had 25% of its sales in mysteries, 10% in biographies, 15% in cookbooks, 15% in romance novels, 20% in science, and the rest in business books. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The tendency to favor one's own cultural group over other groups is known as ., The underlying reason why stereotype threat can undermine the performance of members of a group with respect to some ability is that the experience of stereotype threat fosters ., In individualistic cultures, what is NOT one of the four beliefs . Under the proper circumstances, most people can suppress their natural aggressiveness. a motivation to have one's group dominate other social groups. What causes a gain or loss on the sale of a bond investment? Such a question would be preposterous if you were only surrounded by members of your own group. If people do not want to invite Margaret on vacation because they fear that she will move too slowly (a common view of older people) then they are discriminating against her. When are petty cash expenses recognized (at the time of establishment, reimbursement, or replenishment)? Influence (conforming) resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. Specifically, people see members of an outgroup as more similar to one another in personality than they actually are. When it comes time to categorize ice cream as good or bad, you may still categorize it as good, but you will likely be a little slowerperhaps even fractions of a second slower-- in arriving at this judgment. This belief best illustrates: While visiting the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian is said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." We commonly say that we should not label others but we cannot help but do so. They prescribe "proper" behavior. Like the guard at night saying: Who goes there, friend or foe? If the other group has good, cooperative intentions, we view them as warm and often consider them part of our side. However, if the other group is cold, we often view them as a threat and treat them accordingly. Categories, then, are becoming more and more uncertain, unclear, volatile, and complex (Bodenhausen & Peery, 2009). Take the IAT. If someone is in our "ingroup," we are more likely to trust them. What connection has been found in experiments exploring self-image and prejudice? When people would like a certain idea or concept to be true, they end up believing it to be true. (2004). More recently, during the COVID-19 pandemic, some people held hostile views of Asian-Americans, who they perceived as being associated with the coronavirus (Misra, Le, Goldmann & Yang, 2020). Other Quizlet sets. Understand biases such as social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism. c. young adults tend to prefer the same kinds of music. Social categorization and intergroup behaviour. The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of, A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage, Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to, Deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers, Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because, The "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted. An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. c. romantic love The phrase "not in my backyard," shortened to "NIMBY," seems to have appeared first in the mid-1970s. Although categorizing can be useful, it can also result in serious and negative consequences when labels are associated with a person or groups worth. The nonverbal mediation of self-fulfilling prophecies in interracial interaction. d. vivid cases. a. ingroup bias. Another case in which people judge other members of the ingroup very negatively occurs when a member of one's own group behaves in a . Impact. b. the bystander effect. Aggression Unjustified negative action towards a member of a group because they belong to that group. Today, there is a greater appreciation of the fact that not all biases are overt hostility based on a personal animosity toward members of a group. (d) Put a=1/2a=1 / 2a=1/2. Make a truth table for the below given statement. How often do you hear people criticizing groups without knowing anything about them? In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.). The principle that frustrationthe blocking of an attempt to achieve some goalcreates anger, which can generate aggression. If word-of-mouth hiring practices in an all-White business have the effect of excluding potential non-White employees, the practice could be called: Bill is often described as judgmental, ethnocentric, and punitive. a. human aggression is an unlearned instinct. C) Having an unreasonable fear of those who are different from you. In the 21st century, however, with social group categories even more complex, biases may be transforming. D) the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate. Unfortunately, even when some countries have created legal protections, they thought that equality applied to only select groups. Blatant biases (also called explicit biases) are conscious beliefs, feelings, and behavior that people are perfectly willing to admit, which express hostility toward other groups (outgroups) while unduly favoring ones own group (in-group). His action is best explained in terms of the, Aggression-replacement programs are most likely to advise parents to avoid, In contrast to watching violence on television, participating in violent video games involves, The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people. Could you feel that some associations are easier than others? As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. (2020). People who score high on SDO believe that some groups are inherently better than others, and because of this, there is no such thing as group equality. At the same time, though, SDO is not just about being personally dominant and controlling of others; SDO describes a preferred arrangement of groups with some on top (preferably onesown group) and some on the bottom. However, imagine if every time you ate ice cream, you got a brain freeze. Desirable? Research on gender attitudes conducted by Alice Eagly and her associates (1991) and Geoffrey Haddock and Mark Zanna (1994) suggests: Greenwald and his colleagues (2003) asked both Black and White participants to press a "shoot" button when the target appeared to be holding a gun rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight. Stereotypes are biased thoughts about a person due to the incorrect belief that the category accurately describes them. It applies U.S. GAAP and reports in U.S. dollars. University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. Notably, the combination of high RWA and high SDO predicts joining hate groups that openly endorse aggression against minority groups, immigrants, homosexuals, and believers in non-dominant religions (Altemeyer, 2004). tendency: 1 n an inclination to do something Synonyms: leaning , propensity Type of: inclination that toward which you are inclined to feel a liking n an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others "a tendency to be too strict" Synonyms: disposition , inclination Types: show 31 types. Katz, D., & Braly, K. (1933). Tensions between, say, a White persons own good intentions, on the one hand, and discomfort with closely interacting with a Black person, on the other hand, may cause the White person to behave stiffly or be distracted. the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. By contrast, those high in RWA may equally dislike the outgroup member moving into the neighborhood but for different reasons. C) a win-win solution. (c) How does the optimal expenditure on the xxx good vary with ppp ? -cies. Liking yourself and the groups to which you belong is natural. Highly dominating, highly authoritarian personalities. The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation (external) or the person's disposition (internal). Idea that individuals pair up into relationships with people who are similar to their level of physical attraction. This is the term that refers to a positive attitude . The tendency for people to believe the world is Just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. 2. The tenency to favor our own group: Term. HLT 1353. chapter_12_answers - CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. The tendency to see the beliefs, values, and customs of one's own culture or group as "right" or "natural" is called a. ethnicity. divided her class into blue eyes and brown eyes to teach her kids about discrimination. Where slavery was practiced, prejudice ran strong. Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called, Studies of implicit attitudes indicate that prejudice is often, Prejudice can be not only subtle but also automatic and unconscious. Only when research participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape. Whenever this person encounters a person that is both left-handed and creative, they place greater . b. the mere exposure effect. University of Houston. (Ask a partner what he or she orders in a restaurant in the following situations.). Scapegoat Theory: . . Where stereotypes are related to thinking, prejudices are more emotional in nature. Despite its name, though, RWA is not necessarily limited to people on the right (conservatives). A) the tendency to favor members of one's own group. Around nine-in-ten Americans favor some form of marijuana legalization, according to an April 2021 Pew Research Center survey.An overwhelming majority of U.S. adults (91%) say either that marijuana should be legal for medical and recreational use (60%) or that it should be legal for medical use only (31%).Just 8% say the drug should not be legal in any form.
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