As a result, metals are good conductors of electricity. Updates? Metallic nanocomposites have triggered greater attention in electrochemical detection due to their ability to impart high strength, better stiffness, improved toughness, increased wear and corrosion resistance, high melting points, low density, increased catalytic activity, and other improved characteristics even at very low concentrations. The overall shape of the molecule is a pyramid with nitrogen at the vertex and a triangular base formed by the three hydrogen atoms. Finally, combine the two ions to form an electrically neutral compound. It should be noted, however, that the word molecule should only be used in reference to covalent compounds. 1089 Words5 Pages. It also acts as a mild diuretic. Each elements is made entirely from (2)____type of atom. Types of Compounds Ionic = Metal + Nonmetal Covalent = 2 Nometals or Metalloid & Nonmetal . Types of Compounds - Examples of AcidsExamples of different types of Acids are made up of hydrogen and anions, and they do not have charges: Types of Common CompoundSome of the most common types and their chemical formulas can be accessed via Examples of Common Compounds. Cations and anions are released into the solution. The tube surface is maintained at 100C100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}100C. And how much of it do you need in order for it to be considered a formula unit? a) Metallic b) Covalent c) lonic d) Complex This problem has been solved! Acids are easy to recognize- they are composed of hydrogen and an anion (the hydrogen always comes first), and they have no charge. Here are examples of compounds that exhibit both types of chemical bonding: NaNO 3 - sodium nitrate. Unlike covalent bonds, in which electron pairs are shared between atoms, an ionic bond is formed when two oppositely charged ions attract one another. But maybe what matters for boiling is different than for melting, do you know how these bonds translate into the properties you cited ? It is also slightly acidic in water, though the compound itself tastes bitter. 1. The bond between the two carbon atoms is covalent. Metallic bonds are strong, so metals can maintain a regular structure and. Caffeine occurs in tea, coffee, guarana, mat, kola nuts, and cacao. Figure 12.7.1: NaCl crystal. These compounds typically form medium to strong bonds. The positive cations and the negative anions then attract each other to form ionic bonds. As a result, the melting and boiling points of molecular crystals are much lower. Two kind of bonds are at work in water: The one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms in each H2O molecule are bonded with covalent bonds. . Ionic solids are hard and . The lab also allows students to determine the solubility of ionic compounds and molecular compounds in both polar and non-polar solvents. An ionic bond is formed when one atom accepts or donates one or more of its valence electrons to another atom. It has a role as a central nervous system stimulant, an EC 3.1.4. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. a. pure sodium b. white phosphorus c. sodium sulfide d. frozen carbon . These 3 types of bonds (covalent, ionic, and metallic) make up what are called intramolecular bonds (Notice the first 5 letters: INTRAmolecular bonds). Metallic Are electrolytes when dissolved in water or molten (liquid) Ionic Have low melting and boiling points Covalent Have high melting and boiling points Ionic Often exist as gases or vaporize easily at room temperature Covalent Are crystalline solids at room temperature Ionic If I'm understanding correctly, the more common definition of molecule where even covalent compounds that have more than one type of element in them, for instance propane and formaldehyde would simply be considered "molecules?". ], Introduction to Chemistry: General, Organic, and Biological, [Why is the electron transferred from sodium to chlorine, and not the other way around? What happens when ionic compounds dissolve in water? What type of compound do you think caffeine is? So this is the group one or group two on our periodic table of elements, and in the reaction Its oxidation state will be -1. We expect C6(CH3)6 to have the lowest melting point and Ge to have the highest melting point, with RbI somewhere in between. . A Computer Science portal for geeks. The other way to No matter what kind of academic paper you need and how urgent you need it, you are welcome to choose your academic level and the type of your paper at an affordable price. When atoms combine through chemical bonding, they form compoundsunique structures composed of two or more atoms. caffeine, nitrogenous organic compound of the alkaloid group, substances that have marked physiological effects. Classify \(\ce{Ge}\), \(\ce{RbI}\), \(\ce{C6(CH3)6}\), and \(\ce{Zn}\) as ionic, molecular, covalent, or metallic solids and arrange them in order of increasing melting points. Now that weve discussed the basics of both covalent and ionic bonding, we need to draw a few necessary distinctions. Some general properties of the four major classes of solids are summarized in Table \(\PageIndex{2}\). Ionic, covalent and metallic bonds are all different types of chemical bonds. what type of compound is caffeine ionic or metallicsacred heart university track and field divisionsacred heart university track and field division Some metallic compounds include: NaCl, sodium chloride CaCO3, calcium carbonate Al2S3, aluminum sulfide Explanation: Metallic compounds contain a metal and a nonmetal or polyatomic ion, and are generally ionic compounds. For example, it is often assumed that we will get electric power when we connect a plug to an electrical outlet. Direct link to Matt B's post Absolutely, and hydrogen , Posted 7 years ago. It will not bond with covalent bonds because covalent bonds only bond. Hernndez-Barreto et al. Identify different types of solid substances. Direct link to EnchantressQueen's post It makes sense for proton, Posted 7 years ago. Properties and several examples of each type are listed in the following table and are described in the table below. Properties of metallic compounds Melting point Metallic compounds have high melting points because a lot of energy is required to break the electrostatic attractions between the cations and electrons. What is the difference between a compound and a molecule? Looking at the periodic table, to which element classes do potassium and chlorine belong to? Published editions Release year Title Publisher ISBN 2005 Recommendations 2005 (Red Book) RSC Publishing -85404-438-8 2001 Recommendations 2000 (Red Book II) How does bonding (covalent vs ionic) determine the properties of a substance? The gears at BBB and CCC drive machinery requiring power equal to 50kW50 \mathrm{~kW}50kW and 25kW25 \mathrm{~kW}25kW, respectively. The unique properties of the solid copper allow electrons to flow freely through the wire and into whatever device we connect it to. Here, you'll be asked questions related to ionic, metallic, covalent bonds, and metallic solids. Ionic bonds result when one or more electrons from one atom or group of atoms is transferred to another atom. a) Metallic b) Covalent c) lonic d) Complex a) Metallic b) Covalent c) The ionic compound CuCl_2 is a binary compound called Copper (II) Chloride. Types of Compounds - Categories - Ionic, Molecular and AcidsMost types of compounds fall in to one of three categories called ionic compounds, molecular compounds, or acids. Compound 1 exerted an antiangiogenic effect in MCF-7 cells by down-regulating Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Hypoxia Inducible Factor- (HIF-). y(t)=tCt+2t.y(t)=\frac{\sqrt{t}}{C \sqrt{t+2}-\sqrt{t}} . The metal is always written first, followed by the nonmetal or polyatomic ion. Here is a short list of main properties: They form crystals. Want to ace chemistry? Caffeine is the principal active compound in coffee, but other compounds are also present which can make it difficult to differentiate effects of caffeine per se from other Type II Ionic Compound. 3. We simply recognize that the attraction is there due to the opposite charge signs on the ions. Phenol. A Binary CompoundA binary compound is formed from two types of elements - their states of matter result in the following types of compound : Non-Metal + Non-Metal = Covalent compound. Just as the structure of the atom is held together by the electrostatic attraction between the positively charged nucleus and the negatively charged electrons surrounding it, the stability within chemical bonds is also due to electrostatic attractions. For examples, candle waxes are amorphous solids composed of large hydrocarbon molecules. Examples: H2O (water). Lastly the lab requires allows students to qualitatively compare the melting points of both ionic and molecular compounds. Pure caffeine (trimethylxanthine) occurs as a white powder or as silky needles, which melt at 238 C (460 F); it sublimes at 178 C (352 F) at atmospheric pressure. Ionic bonds are formed when an electron moves from one atom to another, and covalent bonds are formed when two different atoms share one or more pair of electrons. The nitrogen atom is depicted as the larger, central blue sphere, and the three hydrogen atoms are depicted as the smaller white spheres off to the sides, which form a kind of tripod. Direct link to Ligia C.Albuquerque's post The bonds exist as electr, Posted 7 years ago. [Why are the hydrogen atoms in ammonia pushed downward into a tripod shape? Consider the differential equation y(t)=y(y+1)t(t+2)y^{\prime}(t)=\frac{y(y+1)}{t(t+2)}y(t)=t(t+2)y(y+1) and carry out the following analysis. Ionic bonds form between two metals. roger_emmons_46888. In addition, Sulfur is in group 6 and it needs two more electrons to achieve a noble gas state of Argon. We know that a group of atoms joined by only covalent bonds is known as a molecule. Molecules and compounds Google Classroom Compounds can be classified as ionic or covalent. Olmsted and Williams' Fourth Edition of Chemistry focuses on helping you see and think about the world (and even your coffee) as a chemist. A compound that consists of metallic and nonmetallic atoms is 2. Ionic compounds typically have a higher melting point than covalent compounds. There are three distinguished compounds in xanthine group: Caffeine: 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine Sources: Coffee, tea, cola nuts, mate, guarana One atom gives away an electron to another. Apply naming conventions to ionic compounds and oxyanions. Compute the maximum shear stress and angle of twist in the shaft between the motor at AAA and the gear at CCC. The customary book, fiction, history, novel, scientific research, as skillfully as various other sorts of books are readily approachable here. Caffeine is a natural compound found in a number of plant species including coffee, tea and cocoa 1. Most specifically, scientists typically recognize six main types of solids, each characterized by specific properties and structures. The ions may either be monatomic or polyatomic. Atoms are the smallest units of matter that still retain the fundamental chemical properties of an element. A compound is a distinct group of atoms held together by chemical bonds. Discover the world's research 20+ million members Ionic. When treated wastewater is utilized for first- and second-generation agriculture, the medicinal compounds are absorbed by the plants, which can obstruct their development and growth. What type of compound is Substance 2? Is it possible for a molecule to lose all of it's electrons? It is also slightly acidic in water, though the compound itself tastes bitter. Ionic compounds generally form from metals and nonmetals. Consists of a metal (cation) and a nonmetal (anion) in which the metal has only one possible charge. Delta Airlines Pilot Bases, what type of compound is caffeine ionic or metallic, Tcs International Rates Per Kg In Pakistan, do they still make chocolate soldier drink, porque se me cierran las aplicaciones en mi tablet. Then we can enjoy music, television, computer work, or whatever other activity we want to undertake. Direct link to Nicholas's post If I'm understanding corr, Posted 5 years ago. Crystalline substances can be described by the types of particles in them and the types of chemical bonding that take place between the particles. Knowing about the solubility and difference in conductivity of the two mysterious substances, which hypothesis would you formulate? Which of the following is insoluble in water? Molecules are the simplest unit of a covalent compound, and molecules can be represented in many different ways. Phenol. Is there a limit to the number of electrons atoms can have, or is it specific to each element? Looking at the table, which rule concerning melting behavior can you formulate? Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity as solids, but do conduct electricity when molten or in aqueous solution. Direct link to tyersome's post Molecules are defined as , Posted 5 years ago. Are usually soluble in water. Rupture by tension, accretion by compression, and delamination by sheering are observed in different regions of the crystal. XRD characterization agrees with the existence of Fe and Co in the lattice structure.and the existence of Co2+ together with the presence of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in the structure was confirmed by XPS. The ions have a regular, repeating arrangement called an ionic lattice. We expect C, 12.6: Types of Intermolecular Forces- Dispersion, DipoleDipole, Hydrogen Bonding, and Ion-Dipole, 1.4: The Scientific Method: How Chemists Think, Chapter 2: Measurement and Problem Solving, 2.2: Scientific Notation: Writing Large and Small Numbers, 2.3: Significant Figures: Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision, 2.6: Problem Solving and Unit Conversions, 2.7: Solving Multistep Conversion Problems, 2.10: Numerical Problem-Solving Strategies and the Solution Map, 2.E: Measurement and Problem Solving (Exercises), 3.3: Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid, Liquid, and Gas, 3.4: Classifying Matter According to Its Composition, 3.5: Differences in Matter: Physical and Chemical Properties, 3.6: Changes in Matter: Physical and Chemical Changes, 3.7: Conservation of Mass: There is No New Matter, 3.9: Energy and Chemical and Physical Change, 3.10: Temperature: Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms, 3.12: Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations, 4.4: The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons, 4.5: Elements: Defined by Their Numbers of Protons, 4.6: Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table, 4.8: Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons Varies, 4.9: Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Elements Atoms, 5.2: Compounds Display Constant Composition, 5.3: Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds, 5.4: A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds, 5.5: Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds, 5.11: Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit, 6.5: Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors, 6.6: Mass Percent Composition of Compounds, 6.7: Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula, 6.8: Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds, 6.9: Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds, 7.1: Grade School Volcanoes, Automobiles, and Laundry Detergents, 7.4: How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations, 7.5: Aqueous Solutions and Solubility: Compounds Dissolved in Water, 7.6: Precipitation Reactions: Reactions in Aqueous Solution That Form a Solid, 7.7: Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution: Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations, 7.8: AcidBase and Gas Evolution Reactions, Chapter 8: Quantities in Chemical Reactions, 8.1: Climate Change: Too Much Carbon Dioxide, 8.3: Making Molecules: Mole-to-Mole Conversions, 8.4: Making Molecules: Mass-to-Mass Conversions, 8.5: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield, 8.6: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants, 8.7: Enthalpy: A Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed in a Reaction, Chapter 9: Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table, 9.1: Blimps, Balloons, and Models of the Atom, 9.5: The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals, 9.6: Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals and Electron Configurations, 9.7: Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table, 9.8: The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model, 9.9: Periodic Trends: Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Metallic Character, 10.2: Representing Valence Electrons with Dots, 10.3: Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred, 10.4: Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared, 10.5: Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds, 10.6: Resonance: Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule, 10.8: Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Dont Mix, 11.2: Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases, 11.3: Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions, 11.5: Charless Law: Volume and Temperature, 11.6: Gay-Lussac's Law: Temperature and Pressure, 11.7: The Combined Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature, 11.9: The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and Moles, 11.10: Mixtures of Gases: Why Deep-Sea Divers Breathe a Mixture of Helium and Oxygen, Chapter 12: Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces, 12.3: Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension and Viscosity, 12.6: Types of Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion, DipoleDipole, Hydrogen Bonding, and Ion-Dipole, 12.7: Types of Crystalline Solids: Molecular, Ionic, and Atomic, 13.3: Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy, 13.4: Solutions of Gases in Water: How Soda Pop Gets Its Fizz, 13.5: Solution Concentration: Mass Percent, 13.9: Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation: Making Water Freeze Colder and Boil Hotter, 13.10: Osmosis: Why Drinking Salt Water Causes Dehydration, 14.1: Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies, 14.4: Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases, 14.6: AcidBase Titration: A Way to Quantify the Amount of Acid or Base in a Solution, 14.9: The pH and pOH Scales: Ways to Express Acidity and Basicity, 14.10: Buffers: Solutions That Resist pH Change, status page at https://status.libretexts.org, melting points depend strongly on electron configuration, easily deformed under stress; ductile and malleable. The result is that the newly formed chloride ion, Cl, In the last section, we looked separately at how sodium can lose an electron to form the cation Na. Because ions are tightly packed as a crystal lattice, Ideal Gas Law: Build your own temperature sca, Nomenclature and Formulas of Inorganic Compou, Atomic Structures (Principles): Bohr & Quantu. The caffeine content of tea varies greatly depending on the strength of the tea, but it averages about 40 mg. Direct link to Megane Thomas's post I still don't understand , Posted 4 years ago. Ice is the solid form of water H2O. EXAMPLE SODIUM CHLORIDE 8/21/2009 Step 1: Form cation Na Na+ + 1e- Step 2: Form anion Cl + 1e- Cl- Step 3: Write chemical symbols for cation and anion Na 1+ + Cl1- Step 4: Cross charges of anion and cation Na Cl 123. Contains a cation and anion (can be atoms or polyatomic ions), Contains nonmetals and possibly metalloids, The fundamental particle is the formula unit, Metal atoms and their core electrons are surrounded by a "sea" of mobile valence electrons, Particles are held together by strong electrostatic forces, Particles are held together by relatively weak intermolecular forces, The elements in the compound share valence electrons, High thermal and electrical conductivity in their pure states, Are electrolytes when dissolved in water or molten (liquid), Often exist as gases or vaporize easily at room temperature, Are crystalline solids at room temperature. what type of compound is caffeine ionic or metallic June 26, 2022 by ta operating llc westlake, oh / Sunday, 26 June 2022 / Published in tumble dryer upside down Solution for Indicate the type of solid (molecular, metallic, ionic, orcovalent-network) for each compound: (a) CaSO4, (b) Pd,(c) Ta2O5 (melting point, 1872 Ionic bonds are formed when an electron moves from one atom to another, and covalent bonds are formed when . We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. The metallic bonds form between two or more METALS. What information will help you chemically analyze the two mysterious substances? a Giving each breath over 2 seconds Molecular crystals - Molecular crystals typically consist of molecules at the lattice points of the crystal, held together by relatively weak intermolecular forces (see figure below). However, if an atom gains or loses electrons, the balance between protons and electrons is upset, and the atom becomes an iona species with a net charge. The lattice is formed because the ions attract each other and form a. Whereas if we consider a molecular hydride now this means that hydrogen will tend to combine with a nonmetal. Low conductivity. Elements tend to try and reach more stable electronic distribuitions, therefore they can loose or win electrons, forming ions, not all elements form ions spontaneously, like noble gases, some form ions very very easily while others dont (they require high amounts of energy to do so). what type of compound is caffeine ionic or metallicjust dance 2021 workout playlistjust dance 2021 workout playlist The most common example of an ionic compound is sodium chloride NaCl, better known as table salt. 1. 24.Identify the type of bonding in solid potassium. In structural formulas, we actually draw the covalent bonds connecting atoms. Co ( s ) - metallic bonding. Here, we can see how an electron is transferred from sodium to chlorine in order to form the ions Na. But a molecule doesn't need to have atoms of more than one element - so H2 and O2 are also both molecules. Generally, ionic crystals form from a combination of Group 1 or 2 metals and Group 16 or 17 nonmetals or nonmetallic polyatomic ions. 1) Located in a mobile sea shared by many atoms. b. There are four types of crystals: (1) ionic, (2) metallic, (3) covalent network, and (4) molecular. Aiming to improve their photocatalytic performance, titanate nanowires (TNW) were modified by Fe and Co (co)-doping, FeTNW, CoTNW and CoFeTNW samples, using a hydrothermal methodology. (2ii+3)19\left(\frac{2 i}{i+\sqrt{3}}\right)^{19}(i+32i)19, Circle the BEST answer. Non-polar covalent molecules are not likely to be soluble in water as The compound caffeine comprises carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Generally, ionic crystals form from a combination of Group 1 or 2 metals and Group 16 or 17 nonmetals or nonmetallic polyatomic ions. What is the density of the metal piece in oz/in 3 ? Metallic crystals consist of metal cations surrounded by a "sea" of mobile valence electrons. Play this 'Chemical Bonding (ionic, covalent metallic) quiz' to review your knowledge regarding atoms and molecules. Given the chemical reaction: 2H2O2(aq)2H2O(l)+O2(g)2 \ \text{H}_2\text{O}_{2(aq)} \rightarrow 2 \ \text{H}_2\text{O}_{(l)} + \text{O}_{2(g)}2H2O2(aq)2H2O(l)+O2(g). Tcs International Rates Per Kg In Pakistan, Keep in mind, however, that atoms and molecules, just like everything else in the universe, exist in three dimensionsthey have length and width, as well as depth. they are held together by electrostatic forces. A binary compound is formed from two types of elements - their states of matter result in the following types of compound : Metal + Metal = Metallic Compound. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Calculate the partial pressure, in torr, of O2(g)\text{O}_{2(g)}O2(g) in the gas-collection tube. benda lutz g2041 pg: metallic pigment gold. Analytical Chemistry Sem-I UNIT- 3.2 Solvent extraction Dr.G.R.Bhgaure. Ionic crystals are composed of alternating positive and negative ions. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Useful facts and info for all chemistry students. 24 minutes ago. Predict whether the following compounds are ionic or molecular: KI, the compound used as a source of iodine in table salt; H 2 O 2, . In the structural formula to the left, we are only seeing a two-dimensional approximation of this molecule. This compound is composed of a metal cation of copper with a charge of Cu^(+2) and a non-metal chloride ion Cl^(-1). Example \(\PageIndex{5}\): Predicting the Type of Bonding in Compounds. Types of Compounds - Ionic, Cations, AnionsAn Ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that bears an electric charge. Non-polar covalent molecules are not likely to be soluble in water as It forms within metals. what happens to electrostatic attraction between Na and Cl atoms? Caffeine is a major pharmacologically active compound in coffee and it is a mild central nervous system stimulant 2,3. These Sodium atoms and Sulfur/Oxygen atoms in the compound exchange electrons. 7th - 10th grade . It is made up of eight carbons, ten hydrogens, four nitrogens, and two oxygen atoms. Omissions? However, if another oxygen atom is added a new compound called Hydrogen Peroxide is created - H2O2 which indicates that 2 atoms of Hydrogen combines with 2 atoms of oxygen thus creating the compound Hydrogen Peroxide. The type and number of ligands attached to the benzene ring in the structures of phenolic acids have a direct effect on copigmentation. The state of aggregation of solids can be described as belonging to the following four types: ionic, metallic, covalent network, and molecular. Each elements is unique and no two elements have the same set of (3)___. The compounds in the unknown mixture isolated by using recrystallization, and then their identity was determined by comparing the experimental melting point values with actual . As seen in the table above, the melting points of metallic crystals span a wide range. Then, identify the anion and write down its symbol and charge. 5 If the attraction between ions and water molecules is great enough to break the bonds holding these ions together, then the ionic compound dissolves in water. In simple terms they can be described as substances that have two or more Atoms bonded together. The actual melting points are C6(CH3)6, 166C; Zn, 419C; RbI, 642C; and Ge, 938C. The evidence of epitaxial recrystallization is also highlighted. Metal + Non-Metal = Ionic compound. Covalent crystals are composed of atoms which are covalently bonded to one another. 16 oz = 1 lb 2.2 lb = 1 kg b Watching the abdomen rise with each breath Choline Deficiency Symptoms, It will not bondwith covalent bonds There are 3 types of intramolecular bonds: covalent, ionic, and metallic. Keep in mind that single formula units, unlike single molecules, largely do not exist in naturewe simply rely on formula units for ease of reference and convenience.
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